Aluminum in infant formulas commercialized in Brazil: Occurrence and exposure assessment

Paiva, Esther Lima de; Milani, Raquel Fernanda; Morgano, Marcelo Antônio; Arisseto-Bragotto, Adriana Pavesi

doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2019.06.002

Cited by 13 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Concentrations of remaining elements were in the two following ranges: 0.003-0.055 mg/100 mL (Ag, Ba, Co, Mo, Ti), or 0.042-0.800 mg/100 mL (Al, B, Sr). These concentration ranges were comparable to those previously reported for milk, milk powders and other dairy products [15][16][17].…”

Section: Concentrations Of Macro- Micro-and Trace Elements In the Nutritional Drinkssupporting

confidence: 90%

Mineral Constituents Profiling of Ready-To-Drink Nutritional Supplements by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry

2020

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Nutritional drinks (NDs) are medicinal food products intended for people with different health issues constricting nutrients provision. Eight varieties of milkshake style NDs were analyzed in this work. Prior to element analysis, they were freeze-dried, and concentrations of twenty macro- and microelements in analyzed samples were simultaneously measured by ICP-OES after their mineralization in a closed-vessel microwave-assisted digestion system. Results of this analysis indicated that these NDs must be considered as nutrient-dense foods, taking into account mineral constituents. Consumption of two bottles of such NDs per day provides very a high amount or even an excess of human daily requirements set as Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs). Generally, concentrations of determined elements in examined NDs were consistent with data given on the labels—most of differences did not exceed 30% (median: −5.91%, standard deviation: 14%). Discovered very strong and moderate positive correlations between concentrations of major and essential elements (Ca, Mg, P, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn) were likely due to their incorporation into formulations of analyzed NDs. However, relationships between contents of trace elements were the result of concomitance of these elements in substrates used for examined products production or contamination of substrates.

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Section: Concentrations Of Macro- Micro-and Trace Elements In the Nutritional Drinkssupporting

confidence: 90%

Mineral Constituents Profiling of Ready-To-Drink Nutritional Supplements by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry

2020

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“…Although opinions are divided, there is ample evidence that these products can be a source of dietary errors and may expose young children to environmental pollution and toxic metals [ 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modified Baby Milk—Bioelements Composition and Toxic Elements Contamination

et al. 2021

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Breast milk has the most suitable composition for the proper development in the first year of a child’s life. However, it is often replaced with artificial milk. The aim of the study was to analyze the composition of essential elements: Na, K, Ca, P, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mn as well as toxic elements: Ni, Pb, Sr, Li, and In in 18 formulas available in Poland. The daily supply was also estimated. The study was performed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry method. The results showed the presence of all essential elements tested, but the content of P and Mn significantly differed from the concentrations declared. Such discrepancies can have significant impact on the daily dose of the bioelements taken. However, the content of elements was within the reference standards established by the EU Directive with exception of P, the amount of which exceeded the norms 5.23–18.80-times. Daily supply of P in tested milk as well as Fe and Mn provided with first and hypoallergenic formula exceeded the adequate intake. Analysis revealed the contamination with harmful elements—Pb, Sr, Li, and In were detected in almost all products. The study confirms the data concerning some discrepancies in composition and the contamination of food and may provide information on the feeding quality of children and estimation of health risk associated with exposure to toxic elements.

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“…Several studies of milk samples can be found in the references (Abdulkhaliq et al, 2012;Ahmad et al, 2017;Cruz et al, 2009;Cava-Montesinos et al, 2004;Enb et al, 2009;Franco-Uría et al, 2009;Kazi et al, 2009;Kondyli et al, 2007;Krachler et al, 2000;Lutfullah et al, 2014;Martínez et al, 2019;Muñoz and Palmero, 2004;Pereira et al, 2013;Pilarczyk et al, 2013;Sager et al, 2018). Metal inputs in infant milks have also been reported, for example, by Lima de Paiva et al (2019) for Al in milks from Brazil and by Gardener et al (2019), for Cd and Pb in baby food from the USA, among others. However, all these studies are based on elemental concentration data recompilation, and none of them proposes an acceptable methodological tool to evaluate infant milk quality and associated risks.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…and undergo aggressive treatments, such as for example protein hydrolysis. Moreover, infant milks are fortified with essential elements considered nutrients, such as Fe, Zn and Cu, mixed during the manufacturing process at high temperatures and pressures in tanks (Cancela and Yebra, 2006;Hozyasz and Ruszczynska, 2004;Khan, 2008;Landigran et al, 2002;Leotsinidis et al, 2005;Lima de Paiva et al, 2019). Fe is present in all human cells, participates as a catalyst in several metabolic reactions and its deficiency causes anemia, developmental delays and behavioural disturbances.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Rapid Routine Methodology Based on Chemometrics to Evaluate the Toxicity of Commercial Infant Milks Due to Hazardous Elements

et al. 2022

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The toxicity and the health risk assessment associated to the presence of some hazardous elements (HEs) in dried (infant formula and powdered) milks due to manufacturing and packaging process, raw materials used, environmental conditions, etc. need to be determined. With this aim, a new methodology based on the combination of health risk quotients and non-supervised (as cluster analysis (CA) and principal component analysis (PCA)) chemometric techniques is proposed in this study. The methodology was exemplified using the concentration of 27 elements, some of them HEs, measured in 12 powdered milk samples produced for children and adults in Brazil and Colombia. The concentration values were obtained by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) after acid microwave digestion. Elemental concentrations vary depending upon the type of milk (initiation, growing-up, follow-on milks and adult milks). However, hazard quotients (HQ) and carcinogenic risk (CR) values showed no risk associated to the presence of HEs on milks. The methodology designed made possible to conclude that adults’ milks are more characteristic of elements naturally present in milk. Children milks present major presence of trace and minor elements. Between infant milks, sample H, designed for babies between 12 and 36 months, was identified as of poor quality. Moreover, it was possible to deduce that while the fortification process applied to children powdered milks is a probable metal and metalloid source, together with the manufacturing, the skimming process is not a contamination source for milks. Graphical abstract

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Aluminum in infant formulas commercialized in Brazil: Occurrence and exposure assessment

Cited by 13 publications

References 22 publications

Mineral Constituents Profiling of Ready-To-Drink Nutritional Supplements by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry

Mineral Constituents Profiling of Ready-To-Drink Nutritional Supplements by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry

Modified Baby Milk—Bioelements Composition and Toxic Elements Contamination

A Rapid Routine Methodology Based on Chemometrics to Evaluate the Toxicity of Commercial Infant Milks Due to Hazardous Elements

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