Aluminum nanoscales as hormetic response effectors in Fagopyrum esculentum seedlings

Abstract

Metal-and metal oxide-based nanoscales of titanium dioxide, silver, zinc oxide, cerium dioxide, copper, copper oxide, aluminum, aluminum oxide, nickel, and iron are most commonly used in industries and, therefore, are mostly studied for their influence on different biological objects including plants [1]. Al nanoscales characterized by a high wear-resistance, have good thermal conductivity, resist to strong acids and alkali-containing materials, are easily shaped, and have high strength and stiffness. This makes them a prime material to use in making products that include high-temperature electrical insulators, high-voltage insulators, thermometry sensors, wear pads, ballistic armor, and grinding media [2]. There is no single opinion on the influence of Al nanoscales on physiological and biochemical processes in plants in the literature available: positive and negative effects are noted. The direct exposure of Al nanoscales leads to phytotoxic and enhancement alterations in different plants at morphological, cellular, biochemical, and molecular levels [3].