Alveolar gas exchange, oxygen delivery and tissue deoxygenation in men and women during incremental exercise

Peltonen, Jari; Hägglund, Harriet; Koskela-Koivisto, Tiina; Koponen, Anne S.; Aho, Jyrki M.; Rissanen, A.; Shoemaker, J. Kevin; Tiitinen, Aila; Tikkanen, Heikki

doi:10.1016/j.resp.2013.05.014

Cited by 21 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…Exercise performance is determined by the oxygen supply to working muscles and vital organs, including the brain (43). Maximal exercise performance and oxygen uptake (V O 2 ) are reduced in the hypoxic environment at altitude or with simulated hypobaric or normobaric hypoxia (46,63).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of hypoxia and hyperoxia on exercise performance in healthy individuals and in patients with pulmonary hypertension: a systematic review

Ulrich

Schneider

Bloch

2017

Journal of Applied Physiology

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Exercise performance is determined by oxygen supply to working muscles and vital organs. In healthy individuals, exercise performance is limited in the hypoxic environment at altitude, when oxygen delivery is diminished due to the reduced alveolar and arterial oxygen partial pressures. In patients with pulmonary hypertension, exercise performance is already reduced near sea level due to impairments of the pulmonary circulation and gas exchange and, presumably, these limitations are more pronounced at altitude. In studies performed near sea level in healthy subjects as well as in patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH) maximal performance during progressive ramp exercise and endurance of submaximal constant load exercise were substantially enhanced by breathing oxygen-enriched air. Both in healthy individuals and in PH-patients these improvements were mediated by a better arterial, muscular and cerebral oxygenation along with a reduced sympathetic excitation, as suggested by the reduced heart rate and alveolar ventilation at submaximal isoloads, and an improved pulmonary gas exchange efficiency, especially in patients with PH. In summary, in healthy individuals and in patients with pulmonary hypertension, alterations in the inspiratory PO2 by exposure to hypobaric hypoxia or normobaric hyperoxia reduce or enhance exercise performance, respectively, by modifying oxygen delivery to the muscles and the brain, by effects on cardiovascular and respiratory control and by alterations in pulmonary gas exchange. The understanding of these physiologic mechanisms helps counselling individuals planning altitude or air travel and prescribing oxygen therapy to patients with pulmonary hypertension. is determined by oxygen supply to working muscles and vital organs. In healthy individuals, exercise performance is limited in the hypoxic environment at altitude, when oxygen delivery is diminished due to the reduced alveolar and arterial oxygen partial pressures. In patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH), exercise performance is already reduced near sea level due to impairments of the pulmonary circulation and gas exchange, and, presumably, these limitations are more pronounced at altitude. In studies performed near sea level in healthy subjects, as well as in patients with PH, maximal performance during progressive ramp exercise and endurance of submaximal constant-load exercise were substantially enhanced by breathing oxygen-enriched air. Both in healthy individuals and in PH patients, these improvements were mediated by a better arterial, muscular, and cerebral oxygenation, along with a reduced sympathetic excitation, as suggested by the reduced heart rate and alveolar ventilation at submaximal isoloads, and an improved pulmonary gas exchange efficiency, especially in patients with PH. In summary, in healthy individuals and in patients with PH, alterations in the inspiratory PO 2 by exposure to hypobaric hypoxia or normobaric hyperoxia reduce or enhance exercise performance, respectively, by modifying oxygen deliv...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of hypoxia and hyperoxia on exercise performance in healthy individuals and in patients with pulmonary hypertension: a systematic review

Ulrich

Schneider

Bloch

2017

Journal of Applied Physiology

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“…Research consistently shows that V O2max is lower in women than men and this has been reported in both absolute (L·min ) terms [395,[431][432][433] .…”

Section: V O 2 Maxmentioning

confidence: 75%

“…A recent study in participants of average fitness reported the difference between sexes when controlling for fat-free mass to be even lower at 4% [433] . However, this effect of fat-free mass doesn't always hold true.…”

Section: V O 2 Maxmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…The mechanism(s) proposed to explain these differences relate to women having lower O2 delivery and/or O2 utilisation than men [433] which may be related to women having smaller hearts [436] and lower blood volume [433,437] , thus contributing to a lower stroke volume and cardiac output.…”

Section: V O 2 Maxmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, it has been shown that women have a lower arteriovenous O2 difference than men [432,433] which has been associated to a degree with women possessing lower haemoglobin concentrations [433,438] and haemoglobin mass [433] than men, leading to lower arterial O2 concentration [432] .…”

Section: V O 2 Maxmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sex differences and training adaptations in relation to the lactate threshold and endurance exercise performance

Fisher¹

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The second lactate threshold (LT2) has long been associated with endurance performance in trained endurance athletes. In Australia, the state institutes and academies of sport utilise the modified maximum deviation (D-max) method to determine LT2 in endurance athletes for the purpose of establishing training intensities and indicating whether athletes are appropriately adapting to training loads. For LT2 methods to be considered valid, it had been suggested that strong associations with simulated endurance performance and the maximal lactate steady-state (MLSS) are required. Although research has established a strong relationship between the modified D-max and endurance performance, there are gaps in the literature which this thesis aims to investigate. iii appropriate measurement of ovarian hormones. Therefore, the second study extended study one, to explore the same experimental aims, in endurance-trained women (n = 12) whilst controlling for ovarian hormone concentrations through the use of hormonal contraceptives. When comparing to the men's results from study one, power output and V O2 at LT2 were also found to be significantly correlated with 40 km cycling performance in endurance-trained women. Additionally, combining maximal (peak power output and V O2max) and fractional utilisation (V O2 and power output at LT2) variables produced the strongest prediction of performance in women (r 2 = 0.87) and men (r 2 = 0.95). In women, VT2 was significantly higher than LT2 for all variables measured, despite no differences observed for the men. More women (73%) than men (50%) completed 30 min of cycling and elicited a steady-state [La -] at their LT2 power output, despite LT2 being significantly higher than the self-selected power output during a 40 km cycling time trial in women.The final study examined the sensitivity of the modified D-max LT2 to adapt to a brief highintensity interval training (HIIT) intervention in already-endurance trained men (n = 9) and women (n = 8). Although not significant, women (but not men) showed a trend towards LT2 power output improvement (2.2%; p = 0.08) post-HIIT. Mean 40 km time trial performance significantly improved in both men (-1.7%) and women (-2.6%), with no difference in the magnitude of change between sexes. Furthermore, although LT2 power output explained 77% of the improvement in 40 km cycling performance in women, none of the measured variables explained the performance improvement in men, suggesting that mechanisms other than those responsible for the LT2 were involved. The LT2-performance relationship was intensity-dependent in both men and women, shown by significant correlations at post-HIIT but not baseline. Some of the sex-related differences may, at least in part, be explained by the influence of oestradiol, perhaps by the exacerbation of the sex-based differences in substrate metabolism and subsequent effects on [La -] and fatigue, and/or greater cardiovascular stress in men than women.Collectively, these studies improve understanding of the modifie...

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Sex-Related Difference in Muscle Deoxygenation Responses Between Aerobic Capacity-Matched Elderly Men and Women

Takagi

Kime

Niwayama

et al. 2016

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology

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Muscle O2 dynamics during ramp cycling exercise were compared between aerobic capacity-matched elderly men (n=8, age 65±2 years) and women (n=8, age 66±3 years). Muscle O2 saturation (SmO2) and relative change in deoxygenated (Δdeoxy-Hb) and total hemoglobin concentration (Δtotal-Hb) were monitored continuously during exercise in the vastus lateralis (VL) and gastrocnemius medialis (GM) by near infrared spatial resolved spectroscopy. SmO2 was significantly higher during exercise in women than in men in VL, but not in GM. In VL, Δdeoxy-Hb and Δtotal-Hb were significantly higher in men than in women, especially during high intensity exercise. However, no significant difference was observed in Δdeoxy-Hb or Δtotal-Hb in GM. Sex-related differences in muscle deoxygenation response may be heterogeneous among leg muscles in elderly subjects.

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Alveolar gas exchange, oxygen delivery and tissue deoxygenation in men and women during incremental exercise

Cited by 21 publications

References 63 publications

Effect of hypoxia and hyperoxia on exercise performance in healthy individuals and in patients with pulmonary hypertension: a systematic review

Effect of hypoxia and hyperoxia on exercise performance in healthy individuals and in patients with pulmonary hypertension: a systematic review

Sex differences and training adaptations in relation to the lactate threshold and endurance exercise performance

Sex-Related Difference in Muscle Deoxygenation Responses Between Aerobic Capacity-Matched Elderly Men and Women

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