Alzheimer’s Disease: Assessing the Role of Spirochetes, Biofilms, the Immune System, and Amyloid-β with Regard to Potential Treatment and Prevention

Allen, Herbert B.

doi:10.3233/jad-160388

Cited by 73 publications

(80 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…The microglia can recognize amyloid molecules by TLR4 and TLR2 for clearance. Interestingly, signaling of myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88) from microglial TLR2 is responsible for activation of TNF-α and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) which also induces the formation of Aβ by promoting α-secretase and β-secretase, respectively [189].…”

Section: Alzheimer's Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

The progress of gut microbiome research related to brain disorders

Zhu

Jiang

et al. 2020

J Neuroinflammation

325

213

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There is increasing evidence showing that the dynamic changes in the gut microbiota can alter brain physiology and behavior. Cognition was originally thought to be regulated only by the central nervous system. However, it is now becoming clear that many non-nervous system factors, including the gut-resident bacteria of the gastrointestinal tract, regulate and influence cognitive dysfunction as well as the process of neurodegeneration and cerebrovascular diseases. Extrinsic and intrinsic factors including dietary habits can regulate the composition of the microbiota. Microbes release metabolites and microbiota-derived molecules to further trigger host-derived cytokines and inflammation in the central nervous system, which contribute greatly to the pathogenesis of host brain disorders such as pain, depression, anxiety, autism, Alzheimer's diseases, Parkinson's disease, and stroke. Change of blood-brain barrier permeability, brain vascular physiology, and brain structure are among the most critical causes of the development of downstream neurological dysfunction. In this review, we will discuss the following parts: Overview of technical approaches used in gut microbiome studies Microbiota and immunity Gut microbiota and metabolites Microbiota-induced blood-brain barrier dysfunction Neuropsychiatric diseases ■ Stress and depression ■ Pain and migraine ■ Autism spectrum disorders Neurodegenerative diseases ■ Parkinson's disease ■ Alzheimer's disease ■ Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ■ Multiple sclerosis

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Section: Alzheimer's Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

The progress of gut microbiome research related to brain disorders

Zhu

Jiang

et al. 2020

J Neuroinflammation

325

213

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Inhibition of the above cytokines, results in ultimate clearing of the psoriatic lesions [8] TLR2 targets the biofilms via receptor sites within the biofilm itself [9]. We have shown its presence surrounding the biofilms in the eccrine sweat ducts in eczema and associated with the plaques in the brains of Alzheimer's disease patients [10,11]. Interestingly, TLR2 has also been found by Carrasco in circulating monocytes in psoriatic arthritis [12].…”

Section: Psoriasis-discussion Of Microbial Pathogenesis Of the Diseasementioning

confidence: 96%

Bioethics and Psoriasis

Allen¹,

Allawh²,

Ogrich³

et al. 2017

J Clin Res Bioeth

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We have presented the clinical, epidemiological, microbiological, pathological, immunopathological, serological, and therapeutic studies showing how the streptococcus may be strongly linked to psoriasis. With this as background, we have presented three ethical arguments that are cogent for psoriasis. First, this microbial "pathogen" theory is both ignored and overlooked even with the abundance of evidence supporting it. That being the case, current treatments, consequently, are aimed not at the onset of the disease, but much later in the pathogenic cascade. Last, the continued use of "biologics" or costly immunosuppressives, which are not curative, presents bioethical challenges. We consider psoriasis a sequela of streptococcal infection similar to rheumatic fever, where treatment, at the earliest stages of the disease, has resulted in its disappearance.

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“…If the same parameters are present with viruses as with other organisms where ten microbes (in any direction) are necessary to make a "quorum" and begin forming a biofilm [7] the smallest size for a MC biofilm would be 0.003 µ given the size of the MC organisms as 1 × 2 × 3 nm. This calculation would lead to a total volume for that biofilm of 0.014 µ, and that volume would contain approximately 2400 viral organisms.…”

Section: Discusssionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This size biofilm would fit handily inside a keratinocyte. For comparison, because of the larger size of the spirochetes (Lyme and dental), the smallest spirochetal biofilm in Alzheimer's disease contains 250 organisms [7]. Whether the same parameters exist in intracellular vs extracellular biofilms regarding the size needed for a quorum of microbes necessary to form biofilms is not fully understood.…”

Section: Discusssionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Virally-Induced, Intracellular Biofilms; Novel Findings in Molluscum Contagiosum

Ballal¹,

Allen²,

Allawh³

2017

Clin Microbiol

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Both the presence and impact of biofilms have proved to be ground breaking regarding early diagnosis and treatment in acute and chronic cutaneous, neurological and other internal diseases. Further, biofilms and the activation of the innate immune system have added clarity to the pathogenesis of those diseases. Our current observations are the first to demonstrate viral biofilms in skin disease; these observations are also the first to demonstrate intracellular biofilms in skin disease. We have observed these in lesions of Molluscum contagiosum (MC). The only previous observation of viral-induced biofilms has been with the HTLV-1 virus. The essential elements of a biofilm are extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) that form the bulk of the biomass, and amyloid fibers that form the proteinaceous infrastructure of the biofilm. Histopathology of skin lesions revealed positive periodic acid Schiff (PAS) and positive Congo red (CR) and crystal violet (CV) stains within MC lesions. The PAS stains the EPS while the Congo red and crystal violet stain the amyloid. Similar staining was absent both in controls and in surrounding skin; this is strong support for the hypothesis that the virus "hi-jacks" the cell's DNA and makes "intra"cellular biofilms.

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Alzheimer’s Disease: Assessing the Role of Spirochetes, Biofilms, the Immune System, and Amyloid-β with Regard to Potential Treatment and Prevention

Cited by 73 publications

References 24 publications

The progress of gut microbiome research related to brain disorders

The progress of gut microbiome research related to brain disorders

Bioethics and Psoriasis

Virally-Induced, Intracellular Biofilms; Novel Findings in Molluscum Contagiosum

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