Alzheimers’ disease and caregiving: a meta-analytic review comparing the mental health of primary carers to controls

Ma, Mandy; Dorstyn, Diana; Ward, Lynn; Prentice, Shaun

doi:10.1080/13607863.2017.1370689

Cited by 94 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 110 publications

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“…Of those providing care to someone with dementia for more than 5 years, 63% are women 324 . Similarly, caregivers who are women may experience slightly higher levels of burden, impaired mood, depression and impaired health than men, with evidence suggesting that these differences arise because female caregivers tend to spend more time caregiving, assume more caregiving tasks, and care for someone with more cognitive, functional and/or behavioral problems 329,330 . Of dementia caregivers who indicate a need for individual counseling or respite care, the large majority are women (individual counseling, 85%, and respite care, 84%) 324…”

Section: Caregivingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…• A meta-analysis reported that caregivers of people with dementia were significantly more likely to experience depression and anxiety than non-caregivers. 330 Approximately 30% to 40% of family caregivers of people with dementia report depression, compared with 5% to 17% of non-caregivers of similar ages. [358][359][360][361][362] • The prevalence of depression is higher among dementia caregivers (30% to 40%) than other caregivers, such as those who provide help to individuals with schizophrenia (20%) or stroke (19%).…”

Section: Caregiver Emotional and Social Well-beingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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2020 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures

2020

Alzheimer's & Dementia

2,033

653

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This article describes the public health impact of Alzheimer's disease (AD), including incidence and prevalence, mortality and morbidity, use and costs of care, and the overall impact on caregivers and society. The Special Report discusses the future challenges of meeting care demands for the growing number of people living with Alzheimer's dementia in the United States with a particular emphasis on primary care. By mid‐century, the number of Americans age 65 and older with Alzheimer's dementia may grow to 13.8 million. This represents a steep increase from the estimated 5.8 million Americans age 65 and older who have Alzheimer's dementia today. Official death certificates recorded 122,019 deaths from AD in 2018, the latest year for which data are available, making Alzheimer's the sixth leading cause of death in the United States and the fifth leading cause of death among Americans age 65 and older. Between 2000 and 2018, deaths resulting from stroke, HIV and heart disease decreased, whereas reported deaths from Alzheimer's increased 146.2%. In 2019, more than 16 million family members and other unpaid caregivers provided an estimated 18.6 billion hours of care to people with Alzheimer's or other dementias. This care is valued at nearly $244 billion, but its costs extend to family caregivers’ increased risk for emotional distress and negative mental and physical health outcomes. Average per‐person Medicare payments for services to beneficiaries age 65 and older with AD or other dementias are more than three times as great as payments for beneficiaries without these conditions, and Medicaid payments are more than 23 times as great. Total payments in 2020 for health care, long‐term care and hospice services for people age 65 and older with dementia are estimated to be $305 billion. As the population of Americans living with Alzheimer's dementia increases, the burden of caring for that population also increases. These challenges are exacerbated by a shortage of dementia care specialists, which places an increasing burden on primary care physicians (PCPs) to provide care for people living with dementia. Many PCPs feel underprepared and inadequately trained to handle dementia care responsibilities effectively. This report includes recommendations for maximizing quality care in the face of the shortage of specialists and training challenges in primary care.

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Section: Caregivingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Caregiver Emotional and Social Well-beingmentioning

confidence: 99%

2020 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures

2020

Alzheimer's & Dementia

2,033

653

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“…The population of individuals with dementia in the United States is expected to almost triple by 2060 [1], which will lead to a significant increase in the number of caregivers. Therefore, it is imperative to identify ways to improve caregivers' quality of life and well‐being, as caring for individuals with dementia often leads to detriments in caregivers' physical and mental health, which can also indirectly impact the patient's well‐being [4–7,12,13]. The present study investigated a novel 2‐day intervention in decreasing symptoms of depression, anxiety, burden, and perceived stress in family caregivers of individuals with dementia.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Stage of dementia was assessed with the Functional Assessment Staging Tool (FAST) [16]. The FAST scale consists of seven major functional levels (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7), which are concordant with the corresponding global level of functional capacity and cognition of the Global Deterioration Scale, with a higher number corresponding to greater impairment.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Family caregivers of individuals with dementia often experience significant psychological distress, including higher levels of chronic stress, depression, and anxiety. They also report greater subjective cognitive concerns and sleep disturbance compared to noncaregivers and caregivers of individuals with other health conditions [4–7]. These psychological difficulties, particularly stress, have been associated with increased systemic inflammation, pain, and cardiovascular disease in caregivers [8–10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A novel two‐day intervention reduces stress in caregivers of persons with dementia

Spalding-Wilson

Guzmán-Vélez

Angelica

et al. 2018

A&D Transl Res & Clin Interv

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IntroductionCaregivers of individuals with dementia are at heightened risk for stress-related mental and physical illnesses, and this problem is growing. There is a critical need to develop effective interventions for caregivers. This study tested whether a 2-day intervention improved psychological health in caregivers of individuals with dementia.MethodsFamily caregivers (N = 104) were randomly assigned to a 2-day intervention or wait-list control group. The intervention uses techniques aimed at fostering self-care for caregivers and improving communication between caregivers and individuals with dementia. Self-reported caregiver burden, stress, anxiety, and depression were measured at 1, 3, and 6 months after intervention.ResultsMost participants (91.5%) completed the entire study. The intervention significantly reduced perceived stress for up to 6 months (Β = -2.84, t = -2.68, P = .008) and was considered by nearly all respondents to be helpful for managing challenging behaviors.DiscussionA low-cost, brief intervention shows promise for producing lasting improvements in caregiver's psychological health.

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2021 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures

2021

Alzheimer's & Dementia

1,865

849

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This article describes the public health impact of Alzheimer's disease (AD), including incidence and prevalence, mortality and morbidity, use and costs of care, and the overall impact on caregivers and society. The Special Report discusses the challenges of providing equitable health care for people with dementia in the United States. An estimated 6.2 million Americans age 65 and older are living with Alzheimer's dementia today. This number could grow to 13.8 million by 2060 barring the development of medical breakthroughs to prevent, slow or cure AD. Official death certificates recorded 121,499 deaths from AD in 2019, the latest year for which data are available, making Alzheimer's the sixth‐leading cause of death in the United States and the fifth‐leading cause of death among Americans age 65 and older. Between 2000 and 2019, deaths from stroke, heart disease and HIV decreased, whereas reported deaths from AD increased more than 145%. This trajectory of deaths from AD was likely exacerbated in 2020 by the COVID‐19 pandemic. More than 11 million family members and other unpaid caregivers provided an estimated 15.3 billion hours of care to people with Alzheimer's or other dementias in 2020. These figures reflect a decline in the number of caregivers compared with a decade earlier, as well as an increase in the amount of care provided by each remaining caregiver. Unpaid dementia caregiving was valued at $256.7 billion in 2020. Its costs, however, extend to family caregivers’ increased risk for emotional distress and negative mental and physical health outcomes — costs that have been aggravated by COVID‐19. Average per‐person Medicare payments for services to beneficiaries age 65 and older with AD or other dementias are more than three times as great as payments for beneficiaries without these conditions, and Medicaid payments are more than 23 times as great. Total payments in 2021 for health care, long‐term care and hospice services for people age 65 and older with dementia are estimated to be $355 billion. Despite years of efforts to make health care more equitable in the United States, racial and ethnic disparities remain — both in terms of health disparities, which involve differences in the burden of illness, and health care disparities, which involve differences in the ability to use health care services. Blacks, Hispanics, Asian Americans and Native Americans continue to have a higher burden of illness and lower access to health care compared with Whites. Such disparities, which have become more apparent during COVID‐19, extend to dementia care. Surveys commissioned by the Alzheimer's Association recently shed new light on the role of discrimination in dementia care, the varying levels of trust between racial and ethnic groups in medical research, and the differences between groups in their levels of concern about and awareness of Alzheimer's disease. These findings emphasize the need to increase racial and ethnic diversity in both the dementia care workforce and in Alzheimer's clinical trials.

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Alzheimers’ disease and caregiving: a meta-analytic review comparing the mental health of primary carers to controls

Cited by 94 publications

References 110 publications

2020 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures

2020 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures

A novel two‐day intervention reduces stress in caregivers of persons with dementia

2021 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures

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