Amaranthus: A Promising Crop of Future

Das, Sabuj Kanti

doi:10.1007/978-981-10-1469-7

Cited by 88 publications

(73 citation statements)

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“…Despite this, by overall race type morphology as discussed by Espitia [11], it appeared that the majority of SSE genotypes were likely to be of the cultivated species A. cruentus or A. hypochondriacus of cultivated races, given their predominantly upright architecture. The few exceptions to this were vegetable types potentially from A. hybridus, and one labeled as A. gangeticus [16].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Morphological Assessment of Cultivated and Wild Amaranth Species Diversity

Thapa

Blair

2018

Agronomy

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Amaranthus L. is genus of C4 dicotyledonous herbaceous plants comprising approximately 70 species, with three subgenera, which contains both cultivated and wild types, where cultivated ones are used for food grains, leafy vegetables, potential forages and ornamentals. Grain amaranth are pseudocereals from three species domesticated in North and South America and are notable for containing high amount of protein and minerals and balanced amino acid in their small seeds. Genetic diversity analysis of amaranths is important for development of core set of germplasm with widely diverse population and effective utilization of plant genetic resources. In this study, we evaluated a germplasm collection of 260 amaranth accessions from United State Department of Agriculture (USDA) and 33 accessions from Seed Savers' Exchange (SSE). We evaluated morphological traits like blade pigmentation, blade shape, petiole pigmentation, branching index, flower color, stem color, inflorescence density, inflorescence shape, terminal inflorescence attitude, plant height and yield characteristics across all 293 accessions. We compared clustering within the USDA and SSE collection and across both collections. Data analysis of morphological data showed significant difference of petiole pigmentation, stem color, blade pigmentation, blade shape and flower color across different clusters of accessions of USDA unlike among different clusters of SSE where we found significant difference of only blade pigmentation, blade shape and flower color. The relationship depicted by neighbor-joining dendogram using the morphological markers was consistent with some but not all of the differences observed between species. Some divisions were found between cultivated and weedy amaranths that was substantiated by morphological characteristics but no separation of South and Central American species was observed. Substantial phenotypic plasticity limits the use of morphological analysis for phylogenetic analysis but does show that important morphological traits such as inflorescence type and plant architecture can cross species boundaries. Similarly, color variants for leaves, flowers and seeds are not exclusive to one cluster in our study nor to one species and can be used widely for breeding any of the cultigens, but not to species identification. Our findings will help in germplasm conservation of grain amaranths and facilitate in this crop's improvement. It will also help on developing effective breeding programs involving different plant characteristics and morphological traits of Amaranths.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Morphological Assessment of Cultivated and Wild Amaranth Species Diversity

Thapa

Blair

2018

Agronomy

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“…They are able to adapt to poor soils, tolerate drought and salinity, and have high nutritional value, functional properties and a wide diversity of uses. In the last decades the nutritive potentialities and other unique qualities of amaranths have been highlighted around the world, however, they have not regained their place as a basic and strategic crop (Das 2016, Espitia-Rangel 2016. The grain is the principal commercial product of A. hypochondriacus, thus it is important to develop information about the ontogeny of the amaranth seed and its reproductive biology.…”

Section: Female Gametogenesis and Early Seed Development In Amaranthumentioning

confidence: 99%

Female gametogenesis and early seed development in Amaranthus hypochondriacus L.

et al. 2018

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Background. Attention to amaranth grains has increased in recent years due to the nutritional value of their seed proteins, which have high levels of the amino acid lysine. However, there is no detailed study describing the stages of seed development in Amaranthus hypochondriacus. Question. How are the developmental patterns of the female gametophyte and young seed in Amaranthus hypochondriacus? Species studied. Amaranthus hypochondriacus L 'Revancha' (Amaranthaceae). Study site and years of study. Plants were growth and collected from 2014 to 2016, in a greenhouse at Instituto Tecnológico de Celaya, Guanajuato, Mexico. Methods. Glomerules were collected before pollination and two weeks after anthesis. The ovules at different development stages were fixed and cleared and were analyzed by light microscopy. A clearing protocol was used to observe the developmental stages during female gametogenesis and embryogenesis. Results. We observed that the Amaranthus hypochondriacus ovule has a campylotropous form. The female gametophyte showed a Polygonum-type pattern of development. We were also able to identify all the stages from the megaspore mother cell to the cotyledon embryo stage. After meiosis, the micropylar megaspore differentiates into the functional megaspore. The embryo did not show symmetric divisions, although the final pattern is similar to that of in eudicotyledons. The suspensor showed additional longitudinal divisions, giving rise to a 2-rowed suspensor, while the endosperm showed a helobial development. Conclusions. These results will be used as baseline to identify morphological changes during seed development and to develop new strategies to improve seed quality or increase the yield. ResumenAntecedentes: La atención al grano de amaranto ha aumentado en los últimos años debido al valor nutricional de las proteínas de su semilla con altos niveles de lisina. Sin embargo, no existe un estudio detallado que describa las etapas tempranas del desarrollo de su semilla. Pregunta: ¿Cómo es el patrón de desarrollo del gametófito femenino y la semilla en Amaranthus hypochondriacus? Especie de estudio: Amaranthus hypochondriacus L 'Revancha' (Amaranthaceae). Sitio de estudio y fechas: Las plantas fueron cultivadas y se colectaron entre los años 2014 y 2016, en invernadero, en el Instituto Tecnológico de Celaya. Métodos: Los glomérulos se colectaron antes de fecundación y hasta dos semanas después de la antesis. Los óvulos se fijaron y aclararon en diferentes estados de desarrollo, se analizaron bajo microscopía de luz en campo claro. Mediante un protocolo de clareo se logró observar todas las etapas de desarrollo de la gametogénesis femenina y la embriogénesis. Resultados. Los óvulos de Amaranthus hypochondriacus son del tipo campilótropo. El gametófito femenino muestra un patrón de desarrollo del tipo Polygonum. Se identificaron todas las etapas de desarrollo desde la célula madre de la megáspora al estado embrionario cotiledonar. Después de la meiosis la megáspora micropilar se diferencia en la megáspora funcio...

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“…Amaranth is a member of the Amaranthaceace family with more than 60 species worldwide (Council, 1984). Whilst in Europe and America the grains or seeds of amaranth are considered as pseudo-cereals, in parts of Africa and Asia the leaves are mainly consumed as vegetables (Das, 2016). In some studies, antioxidant, 1 CA, caffeic acid; C-IA caffeoylisocitric acid; C-QA chlorogenic acid; 3,4-DHPPA, 3-(3,4dihydroxyphenyl)propionic acid; high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry, (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS); 3-HPPA; 3-(3hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid; 4-HPPA, 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid; 3-PPA, 3phenylpropionic acid; quantitative polymerase chain reaction, qPCR.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chlorogenic acid versus amaranth's caffeoylisocitric acid – Gut microbial degradation of caffeic acid derivatives

Vollmer

Schröter

Esders

et al. 2017

Food Research International

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The almost forgotten crop amaranth has gained renewed interest in recent years due to its immense nutritive potential. Health beneficial effects of certain plants are often attributed to secondary plant metabolites such as phenolic compounds. As these compounds undergo significant metabolism after consumption and are in most cases not absorbed very well, it is important to gain knowledge about absorption, biotransformation, and further metabolism in the human body. Whilst being hardly found in other edible plants, caffeoylisocitric acid represents the most abundant low molecular weight phenolic compound in many leafy amaranth species. Given that this may be a potentially bioactive compound, gastrointestinal microbial degradation of this substance was investigated in the present study by performing in vitro fermentation tests using three different fecal samples as inocula. The (phenolic) metabolites were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS). Furthermore, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analyses were carried out to study the influence on the microbiome and its composition. The in vitro fermentations led to different metabolite profiles depending on the specific donor. For example, the metabolite 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid was observed in one fermentation as the main metabolite, whereas 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid was identified in the other fermentations as important. A significant change in selected microorganisms of the gut microbiota however was not detected. In conclusion, caffeoylisocitric acid from amaranth, which is a source of several esterified phenolic acids in addition to chlorogenic acid, can be metabolized by the human gut microbiota, but the metabolites produced vary between individuals.

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Amaranthus: A Promising Crop of Future

Cited by 88 publications

References 0 publications

Morphological Assessment of Cultivated and Wild Amaranth Species Diversity

Morphological Assessment of Cultivated and Wild Amaranth Species Diversity

Female gametogenesis and early seed development in Amaranthus hypochondriacus L.

Chlorogenic acid versus amaranth's caffeoylisocitric acid – Gut microbial degradation of caffeic acid derivatives

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