Amatoxins in Wood-Rotting Galerina marginata

Enjalbert, F.; Cassanas, G.; Rapior, Sylvie; Renault, Corinne; Chaumont, Jean-Pierre

doi:10.2307/3762106

Cited by 22 publications

(20 citation statements)

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“…Lepiota genome α-Amanitin, the major cyclic peptide toxin, is responsible for the vast majority (> 90%) of deadly mushroom poisonings worldwide [37]. The organisms containing this toxin are known to be distributed in the three disjunct agaric genera, Amanita, Galerina and Lepiota [4,[38][39][40][41]. Draft genomes are available for both Amanita and Galerina, but not for Lepiota due to the difficulty of obtaining high quality material.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genome of lethal Lepiota venenata and insights into the evolution of toxin-biosynthetic genes

et al. 2019

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Background: Genomes of lethal Amanita and Galerina mushrooms have gradually become available in the past ten years; in contrast the other known amanitin-producing genus, Lepiota, is still vacant in this aspect. A fatal mushroom poisoning case in China has led to acquisition of fresh L. venenata fruiting bodies, based on which a draft genome was obtained through PacBio and Illumina sequencing platforms. Toxin-biosynthetic MSDIN family and Porlyl oligopeptidase B (POPB) genes were mined from the genome and used for phylogenetic and statistical studies to gain insights into the evolution of the biosynthetic pathway. Results: The analysis of the genome data illustrated that only one MSDIN, named LvAMA1, exits in the genome, along with a POPB gene. No POPA homolog was identified by direct homology searching, however, one additional POP gene, named LvPOPC, was cloned and the gene structure determined. Similar to ApAMA1 in A. phalloides and GmAMA1 in G. marginata, LvAMA1 directly encodes α-amanitin. The two toxin genes were mapped to the draft genome, and the structures analyzed. Furthermore, phylogenetic and statistical analyses were conducted to study the evolution history of the POPB genes. Compared to our previous report, the phylogenetic trees unambiguously showed that a monophyletic POPB lineage clearly conflicted with the species phylogeny. In contrast, phylogeny of POPA genes resembled the species phylogeny. Topology and divergence tests showed that the POPB lineage was robust and these genes exhibited significantly shorter genetic distances than those of the housekeeping rbp2, a characteristic feature of genes with horizontal gene transfer (HGT) background. Consistently, same scenario applied to the only MSDIN, LvAMA1, in the genome. Conclusions: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported genome of Lepiota. The analyses of the toxin genes indicate that the cyclic peptides are synthesized through a ribosomal mechanism. The toxin genes, LvAMA1 and LvPOPB, are not in the vicinity of each other. Phylogenetic and evolutionary studies suggest that HGT is the underlining cause for the occurrence of POPB and MSDIN in Amanita, Galerina and Lepiota, which are allocated in three distantlyrelated families.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genome of lethal Lepiota venenata and insights into the evolution of toxin-biosynthetic genes

et al. 2019

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“…In addition to species of the Amanita section Phalloideae, some Galerina and Lepiota species, such as G. marginata and L. brunneoincarnata, produce amatoxins as well [2,25]. In our study, the MSDIN gene mining results showed that G. marginata and L. venenata only had two copies of the α-amanitin [7,9].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 48%

Diversity of MSDIN family members in amanitin-producing mushrooms and the phylogeny of the MSDIN and prolyl oligopeptidase genes

Long

Fang

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background Amanitin-producing mushrooms, mainly distributed in the genera Amanita , Galerina and Lepiota , possess MSDIN gene family for the biosynthesis of many cyclopeptides catalyzed by prolyl oligopeptidase (POP). Recently, transcriptome sequencing has proven to be a efficient way to mine MSDIN and POP genes in these lethal mushrooms. Until now, only A . palloides and A. bisporigera from North America and A . exitialis from Asia have been studied based on transcriptome analysis. However, MSDIN and POP genes of many amanitin-producing mushrooms in China remain unstudied, and hence the transcriptomes of these speices deserve to be analysed. Results In this study, the MSDIN and POP genes from ten Amanita species, two Galerina species and Lepiota venenata were studied and the phylogenetic relationships of their MSDIN and POP genes were analyzed. Through transcriptome sequencing and PCR cloning, 19 POP genes and 151 MSDIN genes predicted to encode 98 non-duplicated cyclopeptides, including α-amanitin, β-amanitin, phallacidin, phalloidin and 94 unknown peptides, were found in these species. Phylogenetic analysis showed that toxin peptide genes were clustered depending on the chemical substance within genus while depending on the taxonomy between genus and that the POPA genes of Amanita , Galerina and Lepiota were clustered and separated in three different groups, but the POPB genes of the three distinct genera were clustered in a highly monophyletic group. Conclusions These results above indicate that lethal Amanita species have the genetic capacity to produce numerous cyclopeptides, most of which are unknown, while lethal Galerina and Lepiota species seem to only have the genetic capacity to produce α-amanitin. Additionally, the POPB phylogeny of Amanita , Galerina and Lepiota conflicts with the taxonomic status of the three genera, suggesting that horizontal gene transfer might occur among the three genera.

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“…Our ''naucoriopsis'' lineage includes the toxic species G. marginata, which according to morphological and molecular studies, was considered identical with inter alia G. venenata and G. autumnalis (Gulden et al 2001). Material identified as G. marginata, G. autumnalis and G. venenata have been shown to contain amatoxins and have caused intoxications (Enjalbert et al 2004, Tyler and Smith 1963, Tyler et al 1963. G. marginata in the broad sense contains amanitins (␣, ␤ and ␥) in different concentrations related to substrate conditions and sometimes even in higher amounts than in fruit bodies of Amanita phalloides, according to Enjalbert et al (2004).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Material identified as G. marginata, G. autumnalis and G. venenata have been shown to contain amatoxins and have caused intoxications (Enjalbert et al 2004, Tyler and Smith 1963, Tyler et al 1963. G. marginata in the broad sense contains amanitins (␣, ␤ and ␥) in different concentrations related to substrate conditions and sometimes even in higher amounts than in fruit bodies of Amanita phalloides, according to Enjalbert et al (2004). Also G. badipes, with an aberrant position in the LSU analysis (FIG.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Galerina Earle: A polyphyletic genus in the consortium of dark-spored agarics

et al. 2005

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The basidiomycete genus Galerina Earle accommodates more than 300 small brown-spored agarics worldwide, predominantly described from the Northern hemisphere. The delimitation of species and infrageneric units hitherto has been based on morphological and, to some extent, ecological characters. In this study we have analyzed nuclear ribosomal LSU and ITS sequences to reveal infrageneric phylogeny and the phylogenetic placement of Galerina among the dark-spored agarics. Sequences from 36 northern hemisphere Galerina species and 19 other dark-spored taxa were analyzed, some of them obtained from EMBL/GenBank. Our results, received from Bayesian and distance methods, strongly suggest that Galerina is a polyphyletic genus. The LSU analysis shows that Galerina is composed of three or four separate monophyletic main groups. In addition, a few species cluster together with other dark-spored agarics. The same groups are recognized in the ITS tree and they correspond roughly to previously recognized subgenera or sections in Galerina. With high support our LSU analysis suggests that Gymnopilus is a monophyletic genus and that Gymnopilus and one of the Galerina lineages ("mycenopsis") are sister groups. The analyses further indicate that the Galerina lineages, as well as the genus Gymnopilus, could be referred to a strongly emendated family Strophariaceae, which corresponds largely to the family as circumscribed by Kühner (1980). Our results affirm that morphological characters often are highly homoplastic in the agarics. At the present stage formal taxonomic consequences or nomenclatural changes are not proposed.

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Amatoxins in Wood-Rotting Galerina marginata

Cited by 22 publications

References 0 publications

Genome of lethal Lepiota venenata and insights into the evolution of toxin-biosynthetic genes

Genome of lethal Lepiota venenata and insights into the evolution of toxin-biosynthetic genes

Diversity of MSDIN family members in amanitin-producing mushrooms and the phylogeny of the MSDIN and prolyl oligopeptidase genes

Galerina Earle: A polyphyletic genus in the consortium of dark-spored agarics

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