2018
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1713819115
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Amazonia is the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity

Abstract: SignificanceAmazonia is not only the world’s most diverse rainforest but is also the region in tropical America that has contributed most to its total biodiversity. We show this by estimating and comparing the evolutionary history of a large number of animal and plant species. We find that there has been extensive interchange of evolutionary lineages among different regions and biomes, over the course of tens of millions of years. Amazonia stands out as the primary source of diversity, which can be mainly expl… Show more

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Cited by 409 publications
(399 citation statements)
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References 54 publications
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“…For Parahaemoproteus, the Peruvian Andes were as important as Amazonia in contributing lineages to other regions in South America. Our results for two clades of avian protozoan parasites are consistent with those of a recent analysis in which Amazonia was identified as the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity in four groups of vertebrates (birds, frogs, mammals and squamates) and two groups of plants (angiosperms and ferns) (Antonelli et al, ). Amazonia was recovered as the main source of parasite lineage dispersal into the Caatinga (the driest region) and Andean‐Patagonian Forest as well, despite a lack of current connection between Amazonia and these two regions.…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 92%
“…For Parahaemoproteus, the Peruvian Andes were as important as Amazonia in contributing lineages to other regions in South America. Our results for two clades of avian protozoan parasites are consistent with those of a recent analysis in which Amazonia was identified as the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity in four groups of vertebrates (birds, frogs, mammals and squamates) and two groups of plants (angiosperms and ferns) (Antonelli et al, ). Amazonia was recovered as the main source of parasite lineage dispersal into the Caatinga (the driest region) and Andean‐Patagonian Forest as well, despite a lack of current connection between Amazonia and these two regions.…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 92%
“…The fact that Kentropyx lizards are active thermoregulators (irrespective of the main vegetation coverage), somehow buffering environmental temperature variation, implies that species did not have historically to face substantial changes in behavioral thermal physiology when shifting between habitats ecologically so different as rainforest and savannas, for example. So, together with results from historical biogeography analyses that support dispersal scenarios, niche evolution results argue for a stronger signal for ecological speciation acting across spatiotemporal scales, rather than vicariant speciation, to generate the main pattern of recurrent habitat shifts during the genus diversification (Antonelli, Zizka, et al, ; Rheindt, Christidis, & Norman, ).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 94%
“…However, speciation events including biome shifts between montane and lowland forest and vice versa must have occurred in numerous clades, as indicated by species‐rich genera spanning wide environmental gradients today like Syzygium , Lithocarpus (Fagaceae), Litsea (Lauraceae), Elaeocarpus and Symplocos (Symplocaceae). Biome shifts between tropical lowland and montane forests have received relatively little attention, possibly due to the blurred boundaries and close spatial inter‐connectedness between the two (Antonelli et al, ; Donoghue & Edwards, ). Nevertheless, tropical mountain areas with their close proximity of widely differing habitats are known to be cradles of diversity with strong species turnover along the elevational gradient, facilitating speciation and associated niche evolution (Merckx et al, ; Sanín et al, ).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…During the MFI, tropical Asian tree lineages spread through Malesia to tropical Australia in a similar manner as Amazonian lineages colonized tropical Central America. Conversely, Australian plants, adapted to upland habitats, had great colonization success in Malesian mountains as Nearctic lineages had in the Andes (Antonelli et al, ; Bacon et al, ; Cody et al, ; Graham, ; Woodburne, ). While our results have to be viewed with caution due to the persisting lack of data from a key area, New Guinea, the congruence of scenarios from the MFI and the GABI shown here provide support to the idea that patterns and mechanisms that have been found through decades of studying the GABI are not specific to the Neotropics but have more universal validity.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%