Amberlyst 15®: An Efficient Green Catalyst for the Synthesis of Heterocyclic Compounds

El‐Nassan, Hala B.

doi:10.1134/s1070428021070125

Cited by 15 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 88 publications

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“…The acid strength of both resins is similar, however, their morphology is different since Amberlyst 15 has a macroreticular form while Amberlite IR‐120 is gel type 23 . Thus, Amberlyst‐15 maintains its granular form and porosity in solution with the most of acid sites located on the external surface 23–25 . Therefore, once epoxides are formed, they can be easily protonated and opened by water to form secondary products such as glycols.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…23 Thus, Amberlyst-15 maintains its granular form and porosity in solution with the most of acid sites located on the external surface. [23][24][25] Therefore, once epoxides are formed, they can be easily protonated and opened by water to form secondary products such as glycols. On the other hand, Amberlite IR-120 swells depending on the solvent polarity with the acid sites immersed in the gel structure.…”

Section: Epoxidation and Carbonation Of Me-rammentioning

confidence: 99%

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Synthesis of a new bifunctional molecule based on castor oil and CO₂ useful for polyurethanes

Cortés

Echeverri

Gomez

et al. 2022

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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A new bifunctional biobased molecule, the carbonated methyl ester of ricinoleic acid maleate (CME‐RAM), useful for polyurethanes, was obtained from castor oil and CO2. This molecule bears carbonate and maleate functionalities that can participate, respectively, in aza‐Michael and aminolysis reactions. Maleate moieties are strong Michael acceptors and they were introduced into the fatty molecule using mild conditions. The synthetic steps include maleinization of castor oil followed by the simultaneous esterification and transesterification at 60°C. The subsequent stages were the epoxidation with acidic resins and the carbonation with CO2. The best results for epoxidation were obtained using Amberlite IR‐120 as catalyst at 48°C (84% conversion of double bonds). The carbonation of the oxirane ring with CO2 at 130°C, 6 MPa CO2 and 6 h reaction afforded 98% conversion of epoxides. It was demonstrated that aza‐Michael reaction of maleate groups was faster than aminolysis of carbonate groups, using hexylamine as a model molecule. CME‐RAM was oligomerized with ethylenediamine and used in the formulation of a conventional rigid polyurethane. Petrochemical polyol and isocyanate can be partially replaced by this bio‐based oligomer, producing a rigid material with a high percentage of green component and good mechanical properties.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Epoxidation and Carbonation Of Me-rammentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of a new bifunctional molecule based on castor oil and CO₂ useful for polyurethanes

Cortés

Echeverri

Gomez

et al. 2022

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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“…Over the range of 40 to 70°C, the flow rate has a more pronounced influence on the extent of TBA conversion, which suggests that the activation energy is low. The upper temperature was constrained by the stability of Amberlyst‐15 below 120°C [ 39 ] and the decomposition temperature of TBHP that ranges from 77 to 110°C. [ 40 ] The yield of TBHP at 1 h increased from 0.5% to 3% and 16% when the temperature increases from 40 to 55 and 70°C, respectively.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The upper temperature was constrained by the stability of Amberlyst-15 below 120 C [39] and the decomposition temperature of TBHP that ranges from 77 to 110 C. [40] The yield of TBHP at 1 h increased from 0.5% to 3% and 16% when the temperature increases from 40 to 55 and 70 C, respectively. As expected for a first order reaction, the TBHP yield at a flow of 1 mL min À1 was higher than at 2 mL min À1 .…”

Section: Mass Balancementioning

confidence: 99%

tert‐butanol and hydrogen peroxide react over Amberlyst‐15 to form tert‐butyl hydroperoxide

El Kfoury,

Chub,

Boffito

et al. 2023

Can J Chem Eng

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Organic peroxides are explosive compounds that are applied as disinfectants, bleaching agents, and as initiators for polymer synthesis because of their high reactivity. Traditional homogeneous processes with H2SO4 catalyst produce salts, either in the neturalization step after reaction or due to the foramtion of tert‐butyl hydrogen sulphate, that must be disposed of, which introduces cost and represents an environmental burden. Here, we devised a flow chemistry approach to oxidize tert‐butyl alcohol (TBA) to tert‐butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) over various heterogeneous catalysts. Under acidic conditions, TBHP is the main product and di‐tert‐butyl peroxide (DTBP) and peroxy‐ketal are by‐products. The most active catalyst was Amberlyst‐15, while yield of Nafion, activated carbon, and heteropoly acids (HPA) on carbon and silica matrices was less than 1% at 70°C. In in the range of 30 to 50°C, a first order kinetic expression characterizes the tert‐butyl alcohol conversion well (). The reaction rate is slow and the rate constant, , was 0.003 min−1. Above 50°C, by‐products reacted further to acetone, methane, ethane, and other compounds.

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“…IERs possess good catalytic activity and generally cause less side reactions than H2SO4. IERs have received better attention than H2SO4 because of several advantages: recovery of the catalyst by filtration [4][5]; possible continuous operation; higher purity products due to higher selectivity [4]; reduced waste disposal problems and possibility of isolation of reaction intermediates [5]. IERs like Amberlyst-15 (A-15) have played an important role in organic synthesis and its applications include: esterification, transesterification, addition, cyclization, alkylation, acylation, etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Manufacture of n-Propyl Propionate Using Ion Exchange Resins: Reaction Kinetics and Feasibility of Reactive Distillation

Devale

Deogharkar

Mahajan

2022

Bull. Chem. React. Eng. Catal.

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Reaction kinetics of esterification of propionic acid with 1-propanol to produce n-propyl propionate using Amberlyst-15 as a catalyst was investigated in this work. Effect of various parameters was studied. Initially, the efficacy of different catalysts was investigated which revealed that Amberlyst-15 can be suitably used for the reaction. This was followed by mass transfer exclusion which included effect of agitation speed, catalyst size and calculation of Weisz-Prater Criterion. Parameters selected for kinetic study were mole ratio of propionic acid to 1-propanol, temperature, catalyst loading and initial water concentration. Catalyst reusability was also verified. Aspen Custom Modeler (ACM) was used to regress kinetic parameters and a good match was obtained. Reactive Distillation (RD) runs in the batch mode were performed which showed that RD is a better option for process intensification (PI) for this reaction. Copyright © 2022 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

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Amberlyst 15®: An Efficient Green Catalyst for the Synthesis of Heterocyclic Compounds

Cited by 15 publications

References 88 publications

Synthesis of a new bifunctional molecule based on castor oil and CO₂ useful for polyurethanes

Synthesis of a new bifunctional molecule based on castor oil and CO₂ useful for polyurethanes

tert‐butanol and hydrogen peroxide react over Amberlyst‐15 to form tert‐butyl hydroperoxide

Manufacture of n-Propyl Propionate Using Ion Exchange Resins: Reaction Kinetics and Feasibility of Reactive Distillation

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Amberlyst 15®: An Efficient Green Catalyst for the Synthesis of Heterocyclic Compounds

Cited by 15 publications

References 88 publications

Synthesis of a new bifunctional molecule based on castor oil and CO2 useful for polyurethanes

Synthesis of a new bifunctional molecule based on castor oil and CO2 useful for polyurethanes

tert‐butanol and hydrogen peroxide react over Amberlyst‐15 to form tert‐butyl hydroperoxide

Manufacture of n-Propyl Propionate Using Ion Exchange Resins: Reaction Kinetics and Feasibility of Reactive Distillation

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Product

Resources

About

Synthesis of a new bifunctional molecule based on castor oil and CO₂ useful for polyurethanes

Synthesis of a new bifunctional molecule based on castor oil and CO₂ useful for polyurethanes