Ambient Air Particles: Effects on Cellular Oxidant Radical Generation in Relation to Particulate Elemental Chemistry

Prahalad, Agasanur K.; Soukup, Joleen M.; Inmon, Jefferson; Willis, Robert D.; Ghio, Andrew J.; Becker, Susanne; Gallagher, Jane

doi:10.1006/taap.1999.8701

Cited by 157 publications

(105 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…We speculate that particles may also exert these effects through the afferent nerves to the vasomotor center in the brainstem, leading to increases of parasympathetic tone of the heart and peripheral vascular system (17,18). Reactive oxygen species have been postulated as a factor mediating the inflammatory response in previous studies (19,20). Irritation caused by wood smoke leading to bradycardia has also been demonstrated as a result of hydroxyl radicals (16,21).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Effects of concentrated ambient particles on heart rate and blood pressure in pulmonary hypertensive rats.

Cheng

Hwang

Wang

et al. 2003

Environ Health Perspect

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Epidemiologic studies have shown that increased concentrations of ambient particles are associated with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality (1,2). However, the mechanisms of such associations have not been clearly defined. Recent epidemiologic studies have found associations of increased air particles with increased heart rate and blood pressure and decreased heart rate variability (3-6). It has been speculated that particles cause the activation of autonomic nervous system, leading to changes in heart rates (7). To clarify the relationship of particles with mortality and morbidity, animal models have been used to investigate the effects of particles (8,9). Preliminary studies revealed increased heart rates and arrhythmia in pulmonary hypertensive rats after exposure to concentrated ambient particles (8,10,11). However, a recent study revealed a decreased heart rate when residual oil fly ash was instilled into the rats (12). To investigate further the mechanisms of particleinduced cardiotoxicity, we used heart rate and blood pressure as outcome indicators to assess their association with concentrated ambient particles in pulmonary hypertensive rats. Studies have also indicated that particles with aerodynamic diameter < 2.5 µm (PM 2.5 ) exert greater adverse health effects than coarse particles (1,13). To investigate the effects of PM 2.5 on cardiovascular diseases, we used an ambient particle concentrator, which generated PM 2.5 , to test our hypothesis (14).It is a common practice to divide experimental animals into exposure and control groups to study the effects of air particles. Because of the wide variation among diseased animals, this method requires large numbers of animals to delineate the true effect of air particles (9). Furthermore, variation in circadian cycle for individual rats also makes comparisons of heart rate or blood pressure difficult. To overcome this problem, we used each animal as its own control by exposing the individual animals repeatedly to concentrated air and filtered air and successfully detected the effects of particles on heart rate and mean blood pressure in three rats. Materials and MethodsAnimals and development of pulmonary hypertension. Male Sprague-Dawley rats 60 days old were obtained from the National Laboratory Animal Breeding and Research Center, housed in plastic cages on Aspen chip bedding, and provided with Lab Diet 5001(PMI Lab, Montville, NJ, USA) and water ad libitum except during exposure.Animals were maintained on a 12-hr light/ dark cycle at 22 ± 1°C and 55 ± 10 % relative humidity. We injected rats with monocrotaline intraperitoneally at 60 mg/kg body weight to cause them to develop pulmonary hypertension. Fourteen days after monocrotaline injection, animals were ready for experimentation (15).Experimental design. Ambient particles from the Chung-Li area, a suburb of Taipei, were concentrated through a modified ultrafine particle concentrator developed by Sioutas et al. (14). Briefly, the particle concentrator used virtual impactor technology in which 110 L...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Effects of concentrated ambient particles on heart rate and blood pressure in pulmonary hypertensive rats.

Cheng

Hwang

Wang

et al. 2003

Environ Health Perspect

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“…342 A study of ROS generation in polymorphonuclear leukocytes (a white blood cell type frequently found in the airways of persons exposed to particles) using oil fly ash, coal fly ash, carbon black, natural dust, and ambient particles reported that the ROS correlated with the fraction of Si, Fe, Mn, Ti, and Co that was not removed by distilled-water washing. 401 In studies with coal fly ash and geological dusts, 402 the amount of bioavailable Fe under physiologically relevant in vitro conditions did not correlate with the total Fe in the particles, as shown in Figure 18. 342,343,403,404 Cultured human lung epithelial cells (Type A549) were exposed to PM 1 -enriched coal fly ash both as-collected and after pretreatment with the chelator desferrioxamine B. The chelator removed the ability of the coal fly ash to induce the synthesis of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-8.…”

Section: Transition Metals and Biochemical Processesmentioning

confidence: 95%

Combustion Aerosols: Factors Governing Their Size and Composition and Implications to Human Health

Lighty

Veranth

Sarofim

2000

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

1,021

600

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Particulate matter (PM) emissions from stationary combustion sources burning coal, fuel oil, biomass, and waste, and PM from internal combustion (IC) engines burning gasoline and diesel, are a significant source of primary particles smaller than 2.5 µm (PM 2.5 ) in urban areas. Combustion-generated particles are generally smaller than geologically produced dust and have unique chemical composition and morphology. The fundamental processes affecting formation of combustion PM and the emission characteristics of important applications are reviewed. Particles containing transition metals, ultrafine particles, and soot are emphasized because these types of particles have been studied extensively, and their emissions are controlled by the fuel composition and the oxidant-temperature-mixing history from the flame to the stack. There is a need for better integration of the combustion, air pollution control, atmospheric chemistry, and inhalation health research communities. Epidemiology has demonstrated that susceptible individuals are being harmed by ambient PM. Particle surface area, number of ultrafine particles, bioavailable transition metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and other particle-bound organic compounds are suspected to be more important than particle mass in determining the effects of air pollution. Time-and size-resolved PM measurements are needed for testing mechanistic toxicological hypotheses, for characterizing the relationship between combustion operating conditions and transient emissions, and for source apportionment studies to develop air quality plans. Citations are provided to more specialized reviews, and the concluding comments make suggestions for further research.

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“…On a local scale, large fugitive dust sources can contribute to high pollution events of both fine (PM 2.5 , particles with aerodynamic diameter (AD) < 2.5 µm) and coarse (PM c or PM 10-2.5 , particles in the size range between 2.5 and 10 µm AD) particles. Understanding sources of these particles is important as both size ranges have been associated with adverse health effects (Prahalad et al, 1999;Ramanathan et al, 2001;Harrison et al, 2004;Solomon et al, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Size-Differentiated Chemical Composition of Re-Suspended Soil Dust from the Desert Southwest United States

Upadhyay

Clements

Fraser

et al. 2015

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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As part of the Desert Southwest Coarse Particulate Matter Study which characterized the composition of fine and coarse particulate matter in Pinal County, AZ during 2010-2011, several source samples were collected from several different soil types to assist in source apportionment analysis of the study results. Soil types included native desert soils, agricultural soils (crop farming), dirt-road material adjacent to agricultural areas, paved road dusts, dirt road material from within and adjacent to a cattle feedlot, and material from an active cattle feedlot. Following laboratory resuspension of the soil, sizesegregated PM 2.5 and PM 10 fractions for each source type were collected on filters and characterized for mass, ions, OC, EC, and trace elements. While there are unique chemical compositions of soils in the region (e.g., high As and Sb) that reiterate the importance of using local source profiles (e.g., native soils) as compared to Upper Continental Crust or soil profiles from other regions in receptor modeling studies. The study also provides new insights into the impact of land-use modification on source emission profiles. Specifically, high OC and PO 4 3-are found in material representative of local cattle feedlot activities while elevated Cu, Sb and Zn are found from sources impacted by motor vehicle traffic. Results of the study indicate that the local native soil composition is only slightly modified by agricultural activities and this study provides the chemical composition of both native and agricultural soil for source apportionment studies in the Desert Southwest.

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Ambient Air Particles: Effects on Cellular Oxidant Radical Generation in Relation to Particulate Elemental Chemistry

Cited by 157 publications

References 34 publications

Effects of concentrated ambient particles on heart rate and blood pressure in pulmonary hypertensive rats.

Effects of concentrated ambient particles on heart rate and blood pressure in pulmonary hypertensive rats.

Combustion Aerosols: Factors Governing Their Size and Composition and Implications to Human Health

Size-Differentiated Chemical Composition of Re-Suspended Soil Dust from the Desert Southwest United States

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