Ambient and biological monitoring of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at a coking plant

Pyy, Lauri; Mäkelä, Maria; Hakala, Erkki; Kakko, K.; Lapinlampi, Tuomo; Lisko, Antero; Yrjänheikki, Erkki; Vähäkangas, Kirsi

doi:10.1016/s0048-9697(97)00065-x

Cited by 27 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Personal exposure of cyclists and drivers measured over 1-hr trips along innercity routes in Amsterdam ranged from 7.5 to 24.7 ng/m 3 for total PAH (Van Wijnen et al 1995). Observed occupational exposures were much higher; typical personal exposures to total PAH ranged from 1.3 to 397 µg/m 3 , with the highest exposure measured for asphalt paving workers in California (Angerer et al 1997;Pyy et al 1997;Van Delft et al 1998;Watts et al 1998). It is important to note that the populations monitored in these studies were likely to have differed substantially in terms of demographics, activities, and home characteristics from those monitored in the present study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predictors of personal polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposures among pregnant minority women in New York City.

Tonne

Whyatt

Camann

et al. 2004

Environ Health Perspect

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As part of a multiyear birth-cohort study examining the roles of pre-and postnatal environmental exposures on developmental deficits and asthma among children, we measured personal exposures to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) among 348 pregnant women in northern Manhattan and the South Bronx, New York. Nonsmoking African-American or Dominican women were identified and recruited into the study. During the third trimester of pregnancy, each subject wore a personal air monitor for 48 hr to determine exposure levels to nine PAH compounds. In this study, we examined levels of exposures to PAHs and tested for associations with potential predictor variables collected from questionnaires addressing socioeconomic factors and day-to-day activities during pregnancy as well as activities and environmental exposures during the 48-hr monitoring period. Reliable personal monitoring data for women who did not smoke during the monitoring period were available for 344 of 348 subjects. Mean PAH concentrations ranged from 0.06 ng/m 3 for dibenz[a,h]anthracene to 4.1 ng/m 3 for pyrene; mean benzo[a]pyrene concentration was 0.50 ng/m 3 . As found in previous studies, concentrations of most PAHs were higher in winter than in summer. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed associations between personal PAH exposures and several questionnaire variables, including time spent outdoors, residential heating, and indoor burning of incense. This is the largest study to date characterizing personal exposures to PAHs, a ubiquitous class of carcinogenic air contaminants in urban environments, and is unique in its focus on pregnant minority women.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predictors of personal polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposures among pregnant minority women in New York City.

Tonne

Whyatt

Camann

et al. 2004

Environ Health Perspect

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“…Long-term monitoring of average urinary 1-OHpyrene, as part of epidemiological studies of cancer mortality, is needed to establish an accurate healthbased limit value of this biomarker for occupational PAH exposure. Carbon electrode worker 0.5-62 1.0-117 Bentsen et al (1998), Mannschreck et al (1996), Petry et al (1996), Ovrebo et al (1994), Ferreira et al (1994) and Angerer et al (1997) Coke oven operator 0.2-176 0.4-334 Strunk et al (2002), Wu et al (1998a, b), Kuljukka et al (1997), Mielzynska et al (1997), Pyy et al (1997), VanRooij et al (1993, Zhao et al (1990), Ferreira et al (1994) and Moen and Ovrebo (1997) …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of 1-hydroxypyrene exposure in the US population with that in occupational exposure studies

Huang

Grainger

Patterson

et al. 2004

Int Arch Occup Environ Health

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Urine samples collected in 1999 and 2000 as part of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were analyzed for 14 monohydroxy polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and, for the first time, reference range values were calculated for these metabolites in the US population. Pyrene is a major component of most PAH mixtures and often is used as a surrogate for total PAH exposure. We detected 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHpyrene), a metabolite of pyrene, in more than 99% of the samples. The overall geometric mean concentration for 1-OHpyrene in the USA was 79.8 ng/l, with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 69.0-92.2 ng/l. The overall geometric mean creatinine-adjusted urinary 1-OHpyrene levels in the USA was 74.2 ng/g creatinine (0.039 micromol/mol), with a 95% CI of 64.1-85.9 ng/g creatinine (0.034-0.046 micromol/mol). There were no statistically significant differences among age, gender, or race/ethnicity groups. Adult smokers in the USA have urinary 1-OHpyrene levels three times higher than those of non-smokers. This difference was statistically significant. In this paper, we compare the reference range of urinary 1-OHpyrene levels with levels reported from various occupations by other researchers.

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“…The mean concentration of B[ a]P, also measured from personal air samples, in a modern Finnish cokery is approximately five times lower than the average exposure observed at this plant. The use of protective equipment and clothing and benefits of technical measures in processes are the most obvious reasons for low and even decreasing exposure levels in the course of time (Pyy et al, 1997). Measurement of biomarkers of exposure is essential when assessing human exposure to mixtures of chemicals (e.g., PAHs ), not least because it reflects the integrated dose from multiple absorption routes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of relevant genotypes on PAH exposure-related biomarkers

Kuljukka-Rabb

Nylund

Vaaranrinta

et al. 2002

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ( PAHs ) in coke oven emissions cause a cancer risk to humans. In a comprehensive biomonitoring study among Estonian coke oven workers, we looked at the effect of genetic polymorphisms in metabolic enzymes on urinary mutagenicity, 1 -hydroxypyrene ( 1 -OHP ) concentration in urine, and aromatic DNA adducts in white blood cells ( WBCs ). Coke oven workers were sampled twice ( samplings I and II ), and controls only once at the time of sampling I. Urinary mutagenicity was measured using the Ames test. CYP1A1, microsomal epoxide hydrolase ( mEH ), and glutathione S -transferase ( GST ) genotypes were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ). Urinary mutagenicity did not differ between exposed and controls, but those coke oven workers who were smokers had significantly higher ( P= 0.0002 ) mutagenic activity in urine than nonsmokers. Urinary mutagenicity was moderately correlated to levels of 1 -OHP and aromatic DNA adducts, the P values ranging from 0.0005 to 0.002. Carriers of a variant allele in exon 4 of mEH ( Arg 139 ) had elevated urinary mutagenicity ( sampling I ). In addition, urine mutagenicity of persons with predicted high mEH activity was significantly higher. Smoking habit did not explain the differences observed in urinary mutagenicity between mEH phenotype or genotype subgroups. Variation in exon 3 of mEH ( His 113 ) was related to a significantly ( P= 0.01 ) higher 1 -OHP concentration in exposed workers ( sampling II ). Workers from sampling I who had an Arg 139 variation in mEH had lower levels of adducts in lymphocytes ( P= 0.01 ) than others, while airborne benzo[ a ]pyrene ( B[ a ]P ) and His 113 variation affected interactively on adduct levels. Our study shows that a comprehensive assessment of exposure is essential for elucidation of PAH exposure at a workplace. Even at high exposures metabolic polymorphisms seem to have some effect on biomarker levels, and should be assessed in biomonitoring studies. Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology ( 2002 ) 12, 81 -91 DOI: 10.1038 / sj / jea / 7500204Keywords: aromatic DNA adducts, coke oven workers, genetic polymorphism, 1 -hydroxypyrene, urine mutagenicity. IntroductionEpidemiological data show that exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs ) is possibly carcinogenic to humans and believed to be mainly responsible for an elevated lung cancer incidence among coke oven workers (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC ), 1983;( International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC ), 1984 ). In addition, other carcinogens, such as aromatic amines and heterocyclic compounds, are known to be present in coke oven emissions (IARC, 1984). Recent studies reveal both high and low mean exposure levels in operating coke oven plants.Most carcinogenic chemicals, such as PAHs, need to be activated to electrophilic reactants by metabolism in vivo (Miller and Miller, 1981 ). It is known at present that many of the genes coding enzymes involved in activation and detoxification of PAHs are poly...

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Ambient and biological monitoring of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at a coking plant

Cited by 27 publications

References 7 publications

Predictors of personal polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposures among pregnant minority women in New York City.

Predictors of personal polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposures among pregnant minority women in New York City.

Comparison of 1-hydroxypyrene exposure in the US population with that in occupational exposure studies

The effect of relevant genotypes on PAH exposure-related biomarkers

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