The literature on the contribution of kerosene lighting to indoor air particulate concentrations is sparse. In rural Uganda, kitchens are almost universally located outside the main home, and kerosene is often used for lighting. In this study, we obtained longitudinal measures of particulate matter 2.5 microns or smaller in size (PM2.5) from living rooms and kitchens of 88 households in rural Uganda. Linear mixed effects models with a random intercept for household were used to test the hypotheses that primary reported lighting source and kitchen location (indoor vs. outdoor) is associated with PM2.5 levels. During initial testing, households reported using the following sources of lighting: open wick kerosene (19.3%), hurricane kerosene (45.5%), battery powered (33.0%), and solar (1.1%) lamps. During follow-up testing these proportions changed to 29.5%, 35.2%, 18.2%, and 9.1%, respectively. Average ambient, living room, and kitchen PM2.5 levels were 20.2, 35.2, and 270.0 μg/m3. Living rooms using open wick kerosene lamps had the highest PM2.5 levels (55.3 μg/m3) compared to those using solar lighting (19.4 μg/m3; open wick vs. solar, p = 0.01). 27.6% of homes using open wick kerosene lamps met World Health Organization indoor air quality standards compared to 75.0% in homes using solar lighting.