We investigate the momentum dependence of the nucleon self-energy in nuclear matter. We apply the relativistic Brueckner-Hartree-Fock approach and adopt the Bonn A potential. A strong momentum dependence of the scalar and vector self-energy components can be observed when a commonly used pseudovector choice for the covariant representation of the T matrix is applied. This momentum dependence is dominated by the pion exchange. We discuss the problems of this choice and its relations to on-shell ambiguities of the T matrix representation. Starting from a complete pseudovector representation of the T matrix, which reproduces correctly the pseudovector pion-exchange contributions at the Hartree-Fock level, we observe a much weaker momentum dependence of the self-energy. This fixes the range of the inherent uncertainty in the determination of the scalar and vector self-energy components. Comparing to other work, we find that extracting the selfenergy components by a fit to the single particle potential leads to even more ambiguous results. ͓S0556-2813͑98͒04209-5͔ PACS number͑s͒: 21.30.ϩFe, 21.65.ϩf, 24.10.Cn