“…At the high-involvement end, a sizable literature continued to explore the benefits, limitations, and challenges of "upstream" engagement in the scientific and technological development process (Pidgeon, 2020). Studies capitalized on contemporary emerging technologies like climate engineering (e.g., Bellamy, Chilvers, Vaughan, & Lenton, 2013), future energy systems change (e.g., Demski, Spence, & Pidgeon, 2017), carbon capture and storage (CCS) (e.g., Thomas, Pidgeon, & Roberts, 2018), and unconventional oil and gas development (e.g., North, Stern, Webler, & Field, 2014). In the nanotechnology context, Pidgeon et al (2017) found that, inter alia: (1) members of the general public are perfectly capable of debating complex issues when they are given sufficient resources, time, and support; (2) valuable benefit-risk perception knowledge can be obtained before social controversies occur; and (3) projected resistances ultimately depend on the way different types of nanotechnology are used.…”