Amblyopia and the whole child

Visual impairment and cognitive performance: A nationwide study of 1.4 million adolescents

“…The findings suggest the potential benefit of incorporating vision-adjusted time extension as a compensatory intervention to address the challenge of slow reading among visually impaired youth. Importantly, the findings also prompt the re-evaluation of formal vision thresholds regarding eligibility for academic accommodations, 10 especially given the decrease in cognitive performance scores seen even among adolescents with mild VI.…”

“…Amblyopic children also present with slow reading, which has been attributed to the ‘crowding’ phenomenon, poor eye fixation and an increased number of saccades 36 . Recent research indicates that the presence of amblyopia itself, rather than the extent of visual deficit, is correlated with decreased reading speed, both under binocular and fellow‐eye reading conditions 10 . The current data potentially corroborate this pattern, as a consistent relationship was observed between VI and reduced cognitive performance scores even among adolescents with only mild VI (BCVA equal to or better than 6/18), as well as in cases where visual acuity lay within the normal range in one eye (unilateral VI).…”

“…7,8 However, there is a limited body of work examining the relationship between vision and cognition among adolescents or young adults. Given that in these age groups many cognitive functions are nearing their developmental peak, 9 and that preventable childhood ocular conditions such as amblyopia are less remediable, 10 such studies are important as they may fill a gap in the literature and reveal whether the negative vision-cognition association, previously identified in early childhood, is also evident during adolescence. This is also of value considering that early-life cognitive performance is linked with long-term sequelae including increased morbidity and mortality rates 11,12 and socio-economic success.…”

Classification of congenital cataracts based on multidimensional phenotypes and its association with visual outcomes

“…Multidimensional phenotyping is a state-of-the-art, comprehensive approach aimed at improving our understanding of disease mechanisms, diagnostic decision-making, and patient stratification and has the potential to provide clinicians with optimized therapeutic intervention strategies [10] . Multidimensional phenotyping has already informed clinical treatments for ocular diseases, including amblyopia and uveitis [14][15] . However, to our knowledge, no multidimensional phenotypic cluster analysis of patients with congenital cataracts has been performed.…”

Treating amblyopia using altered reality enhances the fine‐scale functional correlations in early visual areas

“…Generally, it is characterized by visual deficiency of one eye, or infrequently both eyes, even after refractive correction (Holmes & Clarke, 2006). The impaired visual functions are considered to result from anisometropia, strabismus or other amblyogenic factors that interfere with normal development of the visual pathways during the first years of life (Birch, 2013; Birch & Kelly, 2023; Hunter & Cotter, 2018). Apart from low visual acuity, amblyopia is also accompanied by oculo‐motor deficits (Chung et al, 2015; Ghasia & Wang, 2022), extremely interocular imbalance (Ding, Klein, et al, 2013; Huang et al, 2011) and interocular suppression (Li et al, 2011; Mansouri et al, 2008), decreased contrast sensitivity (Bradley & Freeman, 1981), impaired motion perception (El‐Shamayleh et al, 2010), loss of stereoacuity (Levi et al, 2015), and other monocular and binocular visual dysfunctions (Hamm et al, 2014; Levi, 2020; Spang & Fahle, 2009).…”