Ameliorative effect of black ginseng extract against oxidative stress-induced cellular damages in mouse hepatocytes

Abstract

Background Oxidative stress induces the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which play important causative roles in various pathological conditions. Black ginseng (BG), a type of steam-processed ginseng, has drawn significant attention due to its biological activity, and is more potent than white ginseng (WG) or red ginseng (RG). Methods We evaluated the protective effects of BG extract (BGE) against oxidative stress-induced cellular damage, in comparison with WG extract (WGE) and RG extract (RGE) in a cell culture model. Ethanolic extracts of WG, RG, and BG were used to evaluate ginsenoside profiles, total polyphenols, flavonoid contents, and antioxidant activity. Using AML-12 cells treated with H 2 O 2 , the protective effects of WGE, RGE, and BGE on cellular redox status, DNA, protein, lipid damage, and apoptosis levels were investigated. Results BGE exhibited significantly enhanced antioxidant potential, as well as total flavonoid and polyphenol contents. ATP levels were significantly higher in BGE-treated cells than in control; ROS generation and glutathione disulfide levels were lower but glutathione (GSH) and NADPH levels were higher in BGE-treated cells than in other groups. Pretreatment with BGE inhibited apoptosis and therefore protected cells from oxidative stress-induced cellular damage, probably through ROS scavenging. Conclusion Collectively, our results demonstrate that BGE protects AML-12 cells from oxidative stress-induced cellular damages more effectively than WGE or RGE, through ROS scavenging, maintenance of redox status, and activation of the antioxidant defense system.

Functional soluble dietary fiber from ginseng residue: Polysaccharide characterization, structure, antioxidant, and enzyme inhibitory activity

“…Correspondingly, the antioxidant activities (DPPH, ABTs, and FRAP assays) of ginseng-SDF were significantly higher than the tropical fruits as sapodilla, dragon fruit and mamoncillo, cocoa coproducts, and cereals SDF (Can-Cauich et al, 2017;Guo & Beta, 2013;Martínez et al, 2012aMartínez et al, , 2012b. According to the report of Da Silva et al (2014), the TPC of fruits can be divided into increase the release of polyphenols (Choudhry et al, 2019). Our research also proved that some polyphenols remain in ginseng residue.…”

Chinese nutraceuticals and physical activity; their role in neurodegenerative tauopathies

“…It has its name originated from "Jen Sheng" a Chinese word meaning "man herb" due to the shape of the root which is human like shape [ 237 ], “ panax” a Greek word meaning "all heal", this shows that it can cure all kind of diseases [ 238 ]. The commonly studied Ginseng are "Panax ginseng", "Panax quinquefolium" and Panax notoginseng [ 239 ] exhibiting a lot of biological effects [ 237 ]. The active constituents of ginseng called "ginsenosides" shows neuroprotective effects and enhances memory [ 240 ] (Scheme 5 ).…”

“…Rg1 also reduces Aβ formation and decreases hyperphosphorylated tau. One of the major treatments of AD is a principal Acetylcholine (ACh) neurotransmitters in which cognition and memory process is reduced in AD [ 237 ]. This neurotransmitter is terminated by an enzyme known as Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and butyryl cholinesterase (BChE), which is present in patients with AD as well as inhibiting of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity (an enzyme responsible for ACh metabolism) [ 243 ].Studies have shown that Rb1,Rb2, Rc,Re,Rg1 and Rg3 have a reducing property on AChE and BChE [ 243 , 244 ].…”

Phytoadaptogens in the Tumours Biotherapy and Geriatrics (Part 1)

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