America's Secret Eyes in Space: The U.S. Keyhole Spy Satellite Program. By Jeffrey T. Richelson. New York: Harper & Row, 1990. 375p. $24.95.

Abstract

simply a success or failure. The story is more complex. David Meyer has captured that complexity in this study.A bush-league activist in the movement itself, Meyer retreats to a rigidly-adhered-to scholarly stance. He sets himself three goals in the work: (1) to chronicle the "meteoric life" of the movement, (2) to develop a theoretical framework for understanding other protest movements in the United States, and (3) to integrate analysis of peace movements into an understanding of the policy context in which they emerge. To accomplish these tasks, he draws with discernment from social science lit' erature and establishes a firm theoretical underpinning for his analysis of social movements and public policy processes. He then applies this framework critically to a detailed analysis of the politics of the freeze. The result is a readable, insightful case study of how the U.S. political system responds to such a challenge.Meyer posits that the initial approach of the Reagan administration to national security policy created "the political space for a dissident movement" (p. 8). Traditional peace activists took advantage of that opportunity and broadened the appeal to the U.S. populace, which was deeply frightened by the specter of nuclear war and the resultant nuclear winter and consequently assumed a citizen's responsibility for "the fate of the earth" (p. 131). In the response, the freeze movement posed challenges not only to the content of U.S. national security policy but also to the policy-making process itself. The magnitude of the response quickly pushed the movement into the midst of the existing mainstream political institutions-interest groups, Congress, mass media, and political parties. It is Meyer's contention that these institutions channeled the force of this groundswell movement and domesticated it into seeking more moderate ends, thereby leaving the policymaking process untouched. In his view the freeze invested a great deal of energy and political capital in the 1984 election and in doing so precipitated its own demise. After that election, the movement splintered. Meyer holds that this came about because "mainstream politics fragmented the movement, defusing its political impact through "marginalization, depoliticization, and cooptation" (p. 254).

Target detecting deep neural network countermeasure technology for space-based remote sensing and its application to mobile radar

“…Space-based surveillance is widely used in the field of military and civil early warning, because of its advantages of wide-area monitoring and cross-border reconnaissance. The United States has established the world's most complete space-based reconnaissance system, including keyhole spy satellite [1], Lacrosse radar spy satellite [2], and SBIRS [3]. However, the collection and information processing of space-based early warning information are complex works for human-beings.…”