American boletes

Abstract

Pileus yellow to brown. Sporophore large; stipe i cm. or more thick. Context decidedly bitter. i. T.felleus. Context not bitter. 2. T. indecisus. Sporophore usually small; stipe about 5 mm. thick, never reticulate. 3-T. gracilis. Pileus black or blackish; tubes becoming blackish when wounded. 4. T. alboater. i. TYLOPILUS FELLEUS (Bull.) P. Karst. Pileus thick, convex, usually 8-15 cm. broad, sometimes reaching a diameter of over 40 cm.; surface smooth, glabrous, variable in color, usually some shade of tan or chestnut, often pink or purplish when young; margin entire, concolorous; context white, often tinged with pink where wounded, at first firm but soft and yielding in older specimens, decidedly bitter, especially when young, sometimes losing its bitter taste with age; tubes adnate, depressed, 1-2 cm. long, slender, white, colored at maturity with the flesh-colored spores, mouths angular, of medium size, edges thin, entire; spores fusiform, smooth, fleshcolored, 8-1 1 X 3-4 M; stipe cylindric, enlarged below, glabrous, subconcolorous, usually reticulate above, and sometimes entirely to the base, firm, solid, becoming spongy in large specimens, 5-12 cm. long, 1.5-2.5 cm. thick. Extremely common in woods throughout temperate North America, often reaching a foot or more in diameter. It is very bitter and therefore inedible.

Reappraisal of the Genus Exsudoporus (Boletaceae) Worldwide Based on Multi-Gene Phylogeny, Morphology and Biogeography, and Insights on Amoenoboletus

“…Another species that is similar to E. permagnificus is Boletus weberi Singer, which appears to be conspecific with Boletus pseudofrostii B. Ortiz, based on our phylogenetic reconstruction. This taxon belongs to another genus (see below) and differs by the smaller size (pileus up to 6.5 cm diam., stipe up to 5.3 × 1.7 cm), unchanging tissues on bruising, white basal mycelium, slightly smaller and shorter basidiospores (8.1-10.7 × 4.1-5.5 µm, Q m = 2.0), slightly narrower basidia (33-45 × 7-10 µm), smaller cheilocystidia (14-60 × 4-8 µm) and caulocystidia (14-29 × 8-9 µm), cylindrical, narrower pileipellis terminal cells (up to 10 µm wide) and the occurrence in Pinus-dominated or in mixed forests with Fagaceae in North (Atlantic and Gulf Coasts of the USA) and Central America (Belize) [28,[126][127][128][137][138][139][140].…”

“…Figure 6A,B Selected morphological descriptions and illustrations: Murrill ([141], as "Suillellus luridus"? ; [137]), Singer [126,127], Both [128], Bessette et al [28,129,139,142], dubitatively García-Jiménez and Garza-Ocañas [143], Ortiz-Santana et al [138], García-Jiménez [144], García-Jiménez et al [145] and Gonzáles-Chicas et al [146].…”

“…= Boletus pseudofrostii B. Ortiz, Fungal Diversity 27(2): 322, 2007. Holotype: USA, Florida, Alachua Co., Gainesville, Campus, 28 July 1943, C. Weber, F 3036.Selected morphological descriptions and illustrations: Singer[126,127], Murrill[137], Both[128], Ortiz-Santana et al ([138], as "Boletus pseudofrostii); Bessette et al[28,139].Edibility: Unknown.Ecology and phenology: Solitary to gregarious, growing in tropical coniferous forests under Pinus palustris, P. rigida, P. elliottii and P. caribaea (Pinaceae) or mixed with Quercus incana, Q. laurifolia, Fagus sp. (Fagaceae) and Acer sp.…”

Biodiversity, Distribution and Conservation of Plants and Fungi

“…Research showed that As is absorbed by AMF hyphae (through RiPT and GiPT gene) [135,136], AMF reduces As(V) to As(III) (through RiarsC gene) [136], and finally, As is released through RiArsB, ATPase pump, and GiArsA into the soil [135,136]. It was shown that AMF can evaporate and methylate inorganic As through RiMT-11 into a wide range of organic As [134,137]; also, AMF causes more DMA release, especially when high concentrations of As(V) are present in the environment [134]. Numerous reports showed that coexistence with AMF has increased As evaporation and methylation as well as increased the As(III) to As(V) ratio in various crops, including rice and alfalfa [134,138,139].…”

“…[135,136]. It was shown that AMF can evaporate and methylate inorganic As through RiMT-11 into a wide range of organic As [134,137]; also, AMF causes more DMA release, especially when high concentrations of As(V) are present in the environment [134]. Numerous reports showed that coexistence with AMF has increased As evaporation and methylation as well as increased the As(III) to As(V) ratio in various crops, including rice and alfalfa [134,138,139].…”