This essay considers the way in which instances of defeat have been discussed, represented and put to use in the context of the history of modern imperialism. It argues that the response to moments of defeat has often been crucial in justifying the further expansion of imperial control, as well as in mobilising popular sympathy in support of imperial action. What is appealed to, in such representations, is often not an idea of strategic or economic interest as such, but a less easily defined or contested idea of honour or valour. The long historical roots of this idea reveal, apart from anything else, just how far empire was the context for a rapprochement between a newer and an older elite.The recent anniversary of 9/11 witnessed not only a wide range of acts of commemoration, but also an often heated series of disputes about those acts of commemoration themselves, about how they should take place, who should be included and about the possible forms of more permanent memorial. At issue in these disputes, very obviously, were differing views about the historical meaning of 9/11 and, beyond that, differing views about the various conflicts that followed the event itself. These debates should serve as a reminder to us of the extraordinary Andrew Smith is currently Senior Lecturer in Sociology at the University of Glasgow. His work is in the sociology of culture, with particular reference to the history of the British empire and its aftermath. A recent monograph, C. L. R. James and the Study of Culture, was published in