American Herbal Pharmacopoeia

Upton, Roy; Graff, Alison; Jolliffe, Georgina; Länger, Reinhard; Williamson, Elizabeth

doi:10.1201/b10413

Cited by 61 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…The stems and fruits of A. quinata were also recorded in the Japanese Pharmacopeia in 2001 (Leung et al, 2006 ). In addition, the stems of A. trifoliata were listed in the American Herbal Pharmacopeia in 2016 (Upton, 2016 ). In Europe, only the stem ( Akebiae Caulis ) is officially considered a useful raw material in the 9th edition of the European Pharmacopeia.…”

Section: Main Uses and Phytochemical Componentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Akebia plants comprise perennial deciduous vines that produce purple flowers and edible fruits. These plants have provided raw materials for traditional Chinese herbal medicine for thousands of years, and recently, they have also been recorded in the American Herbal Pharmacopeia and European Pharmacopeia (Upton, 2016 ; Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China, 2020 ; Council of Europe convention on the elaboration of a European pharmacopoeia., 2021 ). Akebia fruit is commonly known as “wild banana” or “northern banana” in China, and local people in East Asia praise it for its delicious taste.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Akebia Genus as a Novel Forest Crop: A Review of Its Genetic Resources, Nutritional Components, Biosynthesis, and Biological Studies

Huang

Zang

et al. 2022

Front. Plant Sci.

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The genus Akebia belongs to the Lardizabalaceae family and comprises five species that are primarily distributed in East Asia. Plants of the Akebia genus comprise deciduous and semi-evergreen perennial twining vines that have been used in Chinese herbal medicine for at least 2000 years. The plants of this genus have the potential to form a novel forest crop with high nutritional and economic value because their fruit has a delicious sweet taste and rich nutrient components. In this study, we organized, analyzed, and evaluated the available published scientific literature on the botanical, ecological, and phytochemical characteristics of Akebia plants. Based on these studies, we briefly introduced botanical and ecological characteristics and focused on reviewing the development and utilization of wild genetic resources in the genus Akebia. We further explored the genus' rich nutritional components, such as triterpenes, flavonoids, polyphenols, polysaccharides, and fatty acids, and their potential use in food and health improvement applications. In addition, several papers describing advances in biotechnological research focusing on micropropagation, nutrient biosynthesis, and fruit ripeness were also included. This review provides comprehensive knowledge of the Akebia genus as a new forest crop for food and fruit utilization, and we also discuss future breeding and research prospects.

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Section: Main Uses and Phytochemical Componentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Akebia Genus as a Novel Forest Crop: A Review of Its Genetic Resources, Nutritional Components, Biosynthesis, and Biological Studies

Huang

Zang

et al. 2022

Front. Plant Sci.

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“…By detonation of health therapy using plant material, the safety of medicinal plants has become a public health problem [11]. There is an increased awareness in the use of this herbal remedy [12] since most natural products or herbal medicines contain diverse phytoconstituents due to variations in growth patterns, geographical location, harvest time, and storage [13]. The correct identification of the compound composition in plants is essential to ensure consistent quality, safety, and efficacy [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is an increased awareness in the use of this herbal remedy [12] since most natural products or herbal medicines contain diverse phytoconstituents due to variations in growth patterns, geographical location, harvest time, and storage [13]. The correct identification of the compound composition in plants is essential to ensure consistent quality, safety, and efficacy [12]. Although F. deltoidea has some promising pharmacological potentials, it has not been widely tested for possible side effects.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute and Subchronic Toxicity Study of the Ethanol Extracts from Ficus deltoidea Leaves in Male Mice

Nugroho

Aryani

Manurung

et al. 2020

Open Access Maced J Med Sci

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BACKGROUND: Ficus deltoidea Jack. leaves have a great potential as traditional medicine, but the safety level of its use is still unknown. AIM: This study aimed to determine the phytochemical contents of the ethanol extract of F. deltoidea leaves and evaluate the level of safety and toxicity through acute and subchronic toxicity tests in mice (Mus musculus). METHODS: The ethanol extract of F. deltoidea leaves was determined for phytochemical contents such as alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids, coumarin, steroids, saponins, carotenoids, and tannins. In the acute toxicity test, 10 male mice were divided into a control group and the extract treatment group with 2000 mg/kg body weight (BW) dose for 14 days to identify signs of toxicity and mortality. Meanwhile, in the subchronic toxicity test, 25 male mice were divided into control and four treatment groups with various doses (125, 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg BW), respectively, for 28 days. The toxicological effect was evaluated by observing behavior, signs of toxicity, and changes in BW. At the end of the treatment, hematological and biochemical evaluations were also measured. RESULTS: The results showed that the ethanol extract of F. deltoidea Jack leaves qualitatively contains alkaloids, phenolic, flavonoids, coumarin, and steroids, whereas quantitatively total phenolics, flavonoids, and IC50 were 107.6583211 μg GA/mg, 175.9103641 μg CE/mg, and 103.7484 μg/mL. Moreover, 2000 mg/kg BW dose resulted in no symptoms of toxicity and mortality, indicating that the 50% lethal dose (LD50) was above 2000 mg/kg BW. Meanwhile, there were no behavioral changes, significant differences in weight changes, hematological parameters, and serum biochemistry of mice in subchronic toxicity tests. CONCLUSION: The present study shows that acute and subchronic oral administration of the ethanol extract of F. deltoidea leaves for male mice does not induce clinical symptoms of toxicity or mortality. The LD50 of the ethanol extract of F. deltoidea leaves for mice >2000 mg/kg is considered as practically non-toxic.

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Microscopic Analysis of Plants

Saukel

Ginko

2014

Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry

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Light microscopy is an important method for identity and purity control of biological crude drugs. This chapter gives an introduction in the necessary techniques starting with some background information of physical optics used in microscopy, and an instruction in the equipment being needed for accurate analyzes. Besides the technical knowhow, a detailed knowledge of plant anatomy is crucial for evaluating the identity and quality of botanical raw material. Without familiarity of histology, tissue elements and cell forms, a proper microscopic analyzes is impossible. Thus, a description of important anatomical structures is given, along with some guidance concerning the examination of crude drug materials and their preparation for microscopic analyzes: What are the standard criteria for the characterization of drugs? How can one recognize the correct type of the plant organ in hand? And how does one get accurate microscopic slides resp. pictures from the drug in question? These questions and others are attempted to be answered.

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American Herbal Pharmacopoeia

Cited by 61 publications

References 6 publications

The Akebia Genus as a Novel Forest Crop: A Review of Its Genetic Resources, Nutritional Components, Biosynthesis, and Biological Studies

The Akebia Genus as a Novel Forest Crop: A Review of Its Genetic Resources, Nutritional Components, Biosynthesis, and Biological Studies

Acute and Subchronic Toxicity Study of the Ethanol Extracts from Ficus deltoidea Leaves in Male Mice

Microscopic Analysis of Plants

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