American Society of Nephrology Quiz and Questionnaire 2013

Palmer, Biff F.; Perazella, Mark A.; Choi, Michael

doi:10.2215/cjn.11731113

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…The latter is more common. Excessive excretion of potassium in the urine (kaliuresis) may result from the use of diuretic drugs, endocrine diseases such as primary hyperaldosteronism, kidney disorders and genetic syndromes affecting the renal function ( 19 ). Gastrointestinal losses of potassium usually are due to prolonged diarrhea or vomiting, chronic laxative abuse, intestinal obstruction or infections.…”

Section: Causes Of Hypokalemiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Hypokalemia: a clinical update

Kardalas

Paschou

Anagnostis

et al. 2018

Endocrine Connections

248

199

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Hypokalemia is a common electrolyte disturbance, especially in hospitalized patients. It can have various causes, including endocrine ones. Sometimes, hypokalemia requires urgent medical attention. The aim of this review is to present updated information regarding: (1) the definition and prevalence of hypokalemia, (2) the physiology of potassium homeostasis, (3) the various causes leading to hypokalemia, (4) the diagnostic steps for the assessment of hypokalemia and (5) the appropriate treatment of hypokalemia depending on the cause. Practical algorithms for the optimal diagnostic, treatment and follow-up strategy are presented, while an individualized approach is emphasized.

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Section: Causes Of Hypokalemiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Hypokalemia: a clinical update

Kardalas

Paschou

Anagnostis

et al. 2018

Endocrine Connections

248

199

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“…Hypomagnesemia may aggravate hypokalaemia and is often refractory to treatment with potassium supplements. [6,7] Hence, it is very important to completely evaluate a patient with hypokalaemia to find the underlying cause. Complete evaluation would include detailed history, complete physical examination, laboratory tests, ECG and imaging.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gitelman Syndrome – A Case Report

Yesankar¹,

Pitale

2023

VJIM

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Hypokalaemia is an electrolyte disorder, commonly encountered in clinical practice. Sometimes, it may present with severe life-threatening complications. We present here a case of 22-year-old female, who was admitted to intensive care unit, for severe hypokalaemia associated with cardiac and neurological complications. She had recurrence of such episodes. On detailed clinical and biochemical evaluation, she was diagnosed to have Gitelman syndrome (GS). She was treated with intravenous potassium and magnesium supplementation under cardiac monitoring and other supportive management. She was discharged in stable condition, on oral supplements, and remained stable on follow-up visits. GS is an autosomal recessive and renal tubular disorder characterised by hypokalaemic metabolic alkalosis with hypomagnesaemia, hypocalciuria, secondary hyperreninemic aldosteronism and hypotension. The disease is caused by biallelic inactivating mutations within the SLC12A3 gene encoding the thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride cotransporter expressed within the apical membrane of cells, lining the distal convoluted tubule. Since GS is an autosomal recessive trait, the recurrence risk for people with an affected child is 25%. It is very important to completely evaluate a patient with hypokalaemia to find the underlying cause. There can be various etiological factors for hypokalaemia ranging from common to rare disorders. If underlying aetiology remains undiagnosed, there may be recurrence as well as increased morbidity and mortality. GS is one such disorder, which needs prompt diagnostic evaluation and treatment.

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“…Uzrok hipokalemije može nastati bilo smanjenim unosom kalijuma ili njegovim preteranim gubitkom iz organizma (14). Može nastati u sklopu primarnog hiperaldosteronizma, oboljenja bubrega ili genetskih sindroma koji utiču na funkciju bubrega (15,16). Neophodno je diferencijalno dijagnostički razmotriti sve potencijalne uzroke hipokalemije da bi se postavila adekvatna dijagnoza i uključila terapija (17).…”

Section: Diskusijaunclassified

Hypokalemia: Early marker of autosomal recessive tubulopathy (Gitelman's syndrome): Case report

Petrović,

Vlatković,

Pilčević

et al. 2023

Medicinski časopis

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Hypokalemia is the most common feature of Gitelman syndrome, which is a rare, inherited, autosomal recessive kidney disease associated with tubule disease. In addition to hypokalemia, it is also characterized by hypomagnesemia, metabolic alkalosis, hyperrenemic hyperaldosteronism, normal or lower blood pressure, while the presence of arterial hypertension does not exclude the diagnosis. It affects men and women equally, with a prevalence of 1 to 10 cases per 40,000 inhabitants. The most common cause are mutations in the SLC12A3 gene, which encodes the thiazidesensitive sodium chloride cotransporter (NCCT) in the renal distal tubules, and the TRPM6 (cation channel subfamily 6 protein claudin 16) gene, which controls distal tubular magnesium transport. The aim of the paper is to present an adult patient with pronounced hypokalemia as part of Gitelman's syndrome. Case report: We present a 21-year-old man with severe hypokalemia as part of Gitelman's syndrome. The disease manifested itself in non-specific complaints, and laboratory findings showed hypokalemia of 2.0 mmol/L, which was the reason for urgent hospitalization. Further examinations of the patient verified the following: hypomagnesemia, hypocalciuria, metabolic alkalosis, preserved kidney function and arterial hypotension. Other potential causes of hypokalemia were excluded by differential diagnosis. He was treated with potassium and magnesium replacement therapy, after which the symptoms of hypokalemia disappeared, and the electrolyte values were closer to the reference values. The diagnosis of Gitelman's syndrome was made based on clinical and laboratory findings. A geneticist was also consulted. Hypokalemia as part of Gitelman's syndrome is rarely encountered in clinical practice, and it is rarely thought of. Severe forms of hypokalemia should arouse suspicion of its existence and lead to a final diagnosis, for which rich clinical experience and teamwork are necessary. The patients with symptoms should be treated symptomatically, and those without symptoms should be monitored 1-2 times a year.

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American Society of Nephrology Quiz and Questionnaire 2013

Cited by 6 publications

References 20 publications

Hypokalemia: a clinical update

Hypokalemia: a clinical update

Gitelman Syndrome – A Case Report

Hypokalemia: Early marker of autosomal recessive tubulopathy (Gitelman's syndrome): Case report

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