Ames and random amplified polymorphic DNA tests for the validation of the mutagenic and/or genotoxic potential of the drinking water disinfection by-products chloroform and bromoform

Abstract

Chloroform and Bromoform are two abundant trihalomethanes found in Algerian drinking water. The investigation of the mutagenic hazard of these disinfection by-products was studied by Ames test as prokaryotic bioassay to show their mutagenic effects. For this, Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 strains were employed. Both chloroform and bromoform showed a direct mutagenic effect since the number of revertant colonies gradually increase in dose-dependent manner with all concentrations tested with the two bacterial strains and these were both in the absence and presence of S9 metabolic activation. The genotoxic hazard was also studied by random amplified polymorphic DNA test on the root cells of Allium cepa as eukaryotic bioassay. DNA extracted from the roots of the onion were incubated at different concentrations of chloroform and bromoform and then amplified by polymerase chain reaction. This was based on demonstrating a major effect of disappearance of bands compared to roots incubated in the negative control (distilled water). The results showed that these two compounds affected genomic DNA by breaks although by mutations.

Mutagenicity Assessment to Pesticide Adjuvants of Toluene, Chloroform, and Trichloroethylene by Ames Test

“…However, a study showed that toluene is responsible for higher genotoxicity in rotogravure printers [32]. Chloroform was reported about its mutagenic effect on Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 strains without S9, which is consistent with the results of this study [33]. Although some studies reported the non-mutagenic nature of trichloroethylene [34], the dose designed was much lower than that in this study, and Harrington-Brock concluded that a high dose of trichloroethylene can cause mutagenicity [35].…”

Mutagenic and Cytotoxic Activity of Insecticide Napoleon 4EC in Allium cepa and Ames Test

“…While the use of pesticides are planned to eliminate pests and develop the quality and quantity of yield in agriculture, there is concern about their use because some have cytotoxic/mutagenic and carcinogenic effects and harm non-target organisms (Asita and Mokobo 2013). Earlier studies have reported that some pesticides have mutagenic and clastogenic activities in several biological test systems (Yaduvanshi et al 2012;Topcu et al 2013;Asita and Mokobo 2013;Özkara et al 2015b;Karaismailoğlu 2016;Khallef et al 2017).…”

“…No concentrations of Chlorthiophos showed mutagenic activity on the TA97, TA100, and TA102 strains, with and without S9 fraction, but were all mutagenic to the TA98 strain without S9 (Akyıl and Konuk 2014). Many researchers who have studied Ames test systems with OPs also reported mutagenic or non-mutagenic result (Aiub et al 2002;Kumar et al 2013;Arroyo et al 2015;Akyıl et al 2017). Chemicals which tested with different test methods can be genotoxic or not genotoxic depending on a number of factors such as chemical structure, biological activity, the positions of the binding location and having rings in the structure (Kutlu et al 2011).…”