AMF colonization affects allelopathic effects of Zea mays L. root exudates and community structure of rhizosphere bacteria

Abstract

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) widely exist in the soil ecosystem. It has been confirmed that AMF can affect the root exudates of the host, but the chain reaction effect of changes in the root exudates has not been reported much. The change of soil microorganisms and soil enzyme vigor is a direct response to the change in the soil environment. Root exudates are an important carbon source for soil microorganisms. AMF colonization affects root exudates, which is bound to have a certain impact on soil microorganisms. This manuscript measured and analyzed the changes in root exudates and allelopathic effects of root exudates of maize after AMF colonization, as well as the enzymatic vigor and bacterial diversity of maize rhizosphere soil. The results showed that after AMF colonization, the contents of 35 compounds in maize root exudates were significantly different. The root exudates of maize can inhibit the seed germination and seedling growth of recipient plants, and AMF colonization can alleviate this situation. After AMF colonization, the comprehensive allelopathy indexes of maize root exudates on the growth of radish, cucumber, lettuce, pepper, and ryegrass seedlings decreased by 60.99%, 70.19%, 80.83%, 36.26% and 57.15% respectively. The root exudates of maize inhibited the growth of the mycelia of the pathogens of soil-borne diseases, and AMF colonization can strengthen this situation. After AMF colonization, the activities of dehydrogenase, sucrase, cellulase, polyphenol oxidase and neutral protein in maize rhizosphere soil increased significantly, while the bacterial diversity decreased but the bacterial abundance increased. This research can provide a theoretical basis for AMF to improve the stubble of maize and the intercropping mode between maize and other plants, and can also provide a reference for AMF to prevent soil-borne diseases in maize.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi elevate maize plant tolerance to Antimony, enhancing the nutritive value of seeds

“…This is in line with previous findings [11,21] that AMF inoculation enhances vegetative development through improved water and nutrient uptake. Sb treatment impact negatively AMF colonization, including reduction in hyphal length, and arbuscules number (Table 1), which was consistent with existing literature on the detrimental effects of heavy metals on AMF growth, mostly through inhibiting the germination of spores and preventing them to infect a suitable host root and or through disrupting colonization process after host contact [22] . In the present study, the reduction in maize roots AMF colonization for plants treated with Sb, was 51% higher (Table 1) than the slight reduction reported by Hao et al (2021) [14] and Zhang et al (2019) [1] when treated with La and Cd, indicating a likely higher sensitivity of AMF to Sb toxicity.…”

Metagenomic analysis of soil microbial characteristics associated with Poa alpigena Lindm. in Qinghai Lake Gangcha County

“…Consequently, different microbial groups are subject to varying degrees of inhibition or promotion. Notably, no signi cant distinctions were observed in the microbial content between the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil of the same plant species (Ma et al, 2022;Zhang, N. et al, 2022;Zhang et al, 2021). This can be attributed to the fact that these plant populations exhibit characteristics of r-selected organisms, characterized by high birth rates, small individual sizes, strong dispersal capabilities, and adaptability to changing habitats.…”

Evaluating the Interaction between Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) and Plant Pathogens

“…In the study conducted by Ma et al, the measurement and analysis of root exudates and allelopathic effects of maize were carried out following colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) [18]. Furthermore, the enzymatic robustness and microbial variety of maize rhizosphere soil were also assessed.…”

“…Allelopathy is the term used to describe the capability of plants to produce chemicals that hinder the growth of neighboring plants. This decrease in allelopathic effects implies that AMF colonization may augment plant growth by reducing competition from neighboring plants [18] [Table 1]. Moreover, the study revealed that AMF colonization led to heightened enzymatic activities in the rhizosphere soil.…”