A cycle of stoichiometric
elemental reactions defining the direct
arylation promoted by a redox-pair Rh(I)–Rh(III) is reported.
Starting from the rhodium(I)-aryl complex RhPh{κ
3
-P,O,P-[xant(P
i
Pr
2
)
2
]} (xant(P
i
Pr
2
)
2
= 9,9-dimethyl-4,5-bis(diisopropylphosphino)xanthene),
the reactions include C–Cl oxidative addition of organic chlorides,
halide abstraction from the resulting six-coordinate rhodium(III)
derivatives, C–C reductive coupling between the initial aryl
ligand and the added organic group, oxidative addition of a C–H
bond of a new arene, and deprotonation of the generated hydride-rhodium(III)-aryl
species to form a new rhodium(I)-aryl derivative. In this context,
the kinetics of the oxidative additions of 2-chloropyridine, chlorobenzene,
benzyl chloride, and dichloromethane to RhPh{κ
3
-P,O,P-[xant(P
i
Pr
2
)
2
]} and the C–C reductive
eliminations of biphenyl and benzylbenzene from [RhPh
2
{κ
3
-P,O,P-[xant(P
i
Pr
2
)
2
]}]BF
4
and [RhPh(CH
2
Ph){κ
3
-P,O,P-[xant(P
i
Pr
2
)
2
]}]BF
4
, respectively,
have been studied. The oxidative additions generally involve the cis
addition of the C–Cl bond of the organic chloride to the rhodium(I)
complex, being kinetically controlled by the C–Cl bond dissociation
energy; the weakest C–Cl bond is faster added. The C–C
reductive elimination is kinetically governed by the dissociation
energy of the formed bond. The C(sp
3
)–C(sp
2
) coupling to give benzylbenzene
is faster than the C(sp
2
)–C(sp
2
) bond
formation to afford biphenyl. In spite of that a most demanding orientation
requirement is needed for the C(sp
3
)–C(sp
2
) coupling than for the C(sp
2
)–C(sp
2
) bond formation, the energetic effort for the pregeneration of the
C(sp
3
)–C(sp
2
) bond is lower. As a result,
the weakest C–C bond is formed faster.