Amine variations in faecal content in the first weeks of life of newborns in relation to breast-feeding or infant formulas

Abstract

Breast-feeding is the ideal nutrition for a newborn’s integral necessities. It seems crucial therefore to know its composition in order to provide suitable infant formula when required. Of these, polyamines (with lactation and the microbiota being its intestinal source) are involved in the development of gut epithelium and immunity. Safety concerns limit human intervention studies. Therefore, we studied the amounts of polyamines supplied by breast milk (varying among mothers) or infant formula feeding, up to day 30 postpartum, in the faeces of newborns. Independent samples (68) of breast milk from fifty-nine healthy Caucasian woman (day 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 15 and 30 postpartum) who had natural deliveries after week 38, same-day faeces of newborns when available (eighty-one from breast milk and fifty-five from infant formula fed) and six infant formulas were collected and the polyamine content was determined by HPLC. In breast milk, polyamines and isoamylamine (a primary amine), with inter-individual variations, increased over time (with a higher content of spermidine; no other amines were present). Overall, they were much higher than in infant formula. By the 2nd week after birth, polyamines, cadaverine and tyramine, but not isoamylamine, were higher in the faeces of those fed infant formula compared with those fed breast milk. Cadaverine and tyramine could be used to predict the feeding type used for newborns. The differences in the content may be related to distinct colonisation of amine-producing bacteria, which can be established by polyamines. Further studies are required to determine the clinical utility of these findings.

Detection of Decarboxylated Amino Acids after <i>in Vitro</i> Protease Digestion of the Hydrophilic Fraction of Crude Drug Extracts

“…26) In humans, the microflora is not formed in the intestine of newborns at birth but is gradually formed by breast milk feeding. 27) Isoamylamine and tyramine were detected in the feces of newborns, as well as the breast milk of mothers, within 30 d after childbirth. 27) Recently, the mouse Gm853 gene was found to encode leucine decarboxylase, which catalyzes the reaction to form isoamylamine from leucine and is expressed in the kidney.…”

“…27) Isoamylamine and tyramine were detected in the feces of newborns, as well as the breast milk of mothers, within 30 d after childbirth. 27) Recently, the mouse Gm853 gene was found to encode leucine decarboxylase, which catalyzes the reaction to form isoamylamine from leucine and is expressed in the kidney. 28) Any other mammalian branched-chain amino acid decarboxylase was not found in the literatures that we have searched to date.…”

Comparative modelling of a novel enzyme:Mus musculusleucine decarboxylase

“…As a biogenic primary amine, isopentylamine has been reported to be found in breastmilk and infant formulas, the amount of which in breastmilk, vary over time, increasing until the 1st week after delivery to a concentration similar to infant formulas. Isopentylamine has also been reported to be found in the meconium, and infant faeces however, by the 2nd week after birth, the amount of it were reported to be same in the faeces of those fed infant formula compared with those fed breast milk [5]. TAARs for isopentylamine have been reported to be found in the gut [31] and the diverse micro-organisms in adult faecal microbiota have been associated with the biogenic amines including isopentylamine [32].…”

“…Although the role and the metabolism of LDC and its product isopentylamine have not been fully understood yet, there are recent evidence on the possible effects of isopentylamine on gut microbiota [5] and type 2 diabetes mellitus [6].…”

“…The enzyme catalyses the formation of isopentylamine (isoamylamine), a product with a role and metabolism that is not fully understood in mammals yet. Human breastmilk, meconium and infant's faces are known to contain isopentylamine which may contribute to facilitating the formation of healthy gut microbiota [5]. Moreover, a group of trace amine-associated receptors (TAAR) family is reported to be activated by trace amines, isopentylamine, 2-phenylethylamine, p -tyramine, and agmatine which significantly increases intracellular cAMP.…”