Amino Acid and Protein Changes during Cold Acclimation of Green‐Type Annual Bluegrass (Poa annua L.) Ecotypes

Abstract

nual bluegrass culture on golf course greens in areas experiencing harsh winter conditions. Temperature fluc-Cold acclimation is associated with many metabolic changes that tuations and extreme freezing temperatures at crown lead to increase freezing tolerance. This study was conducted to assess level, occurring during winter and early spring, cause amino acid and protein changes occurring during cold acclimation of green-type annual bluegrass ecotypes cold hardened under both recurrent losses of annual bluegrass on golf greens (Dienvironmentally controlled and simulated-winter conditions in an unonne et al., 1999). Susceptibility of annual bluegrass to heated greenhouse. These biochemical changes were monitored in subfreezing temperatures has been pointed out as a three ecotypes of contrasting freezing tolerance originating from major factor responsible for winter damages on golf Western Pennsylvania (OK), Coastal Maryland (CO), and central greens. In a recent study, we determined that marked Qué bec (CR). Cold hardening induced major changes in amino acid differences in freezing tolerance exist among annual levels in overwintering crowns of the three ecotypes and the highest bluegrass ecotypes (Dionne et al., 2001). Maximum contributions to total amino acid accumulation after acclimation at freezing tolerance was observed after exposure to nonlesubfreezing temperatures came from proline, glutamine, and glutamic thal subfreezing temperatures. acid. Higher levels of amino acid and greater differences among eco-Cold acclimation of a plant is a highly active process types were observed after acclimation at subzero temperatures. Amino acid levels, including proline, were not related to the differential resulting from the expression of a number of physiologifreezing tolerance among the three annual bluegrass ecotypes tested. cal and metabolic adaptations to low temperature (Levitt, Specific soluble polypeptides and thermostable proteins showed cold 1980). Major metabolic changes have been documented responsiveness and in some cases, their peak accumulation coincided during the acquisition of cold tolerance including changes with maximum freezing tolerance of annual bluegrass. In plants hardin carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, amino acids, ened to winter conditions in a unheated greenhouse, there was a growth regulators, phospholipids, and fatty acids (Li, distinct accumulation of polypeptides from fall until midwinter with 1984). Relationships between carbohydrate levels and a subsequent decrease in the spring.

Effect of silicon on chilling-induced changes of solutes, antioxidants, and membrane stability in seashore paspalum turfgrass

“…Dörffling et al (1998) reported the existence of a close relationship between coldinduced proline accumulation and cold adaptation in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Kaldy and Freyman (1984), Naidu et al (1991) and Dionne et al (2001) also observed an increase of proline in leaves and crowns of wheat and annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.) which was exposed to low temperature. In addition, the constitutively freeze-tolerant single-gene arabidopsis mutant (eskimo1) was higher in both proline and sugar (Xin and Browse 1998).…”

Various Turf Covers for Kentucky bluegrass Growth and Spring Green-up

“…Ebdon et al (2002) studied 10 perennial ryegrass cultivars with 10 low temperature ranges to investigated cold tolerance. Among 10 perennial ryegrasses, the high performance cultivars had a mean killing temperature (LT 50 ) of -10.3 o C, and the low performance cultivars had a mean killing temperature of -6.9 o C. Gusta et al (1980) (Dionne et al 2001). However, annual bluegrass has been reported that it is much less tolerate than creeping bentgrass because of ice damage, anoxia condition and crown hydration (Bertrand et al, 2009;Fry and Huang, 2004;Zontek, 2010).…”

Genomics of Low-Temperature Tolerance for an Increased Sustainability of Wheat and Barley Production

“…Considering the individual amino acids, Asp, Glu, Gln and Pro levels were greatly induced by cold, and these changes were also observed at gene expression level in the case of Pro and Glu. Cold-induced increase in total amino acid content derived mainly from the accumulation of Pro, Glu and Gln in bluegrass (Dionne et al 2001). The increase in Arg content would drive the greater rate of polyamine synthesis which was described in cold-hardened wheat (Kovács et al 2010).…”