Amino Acid and Protein Metabolism

North, Michael; Lockwood, Barbara C.

doi:10.1016/b978-012473345-9/50006-4

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 74 publications

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“…In recent years, it has become increasingly apparent that some amino acids can serve as significant energy substrates for trichomonads and Giardia r3.41. To date, however, there are no published data on the uptake of different amino acids by these parasites [5]. To date, however, there are no published data on the uptake of different amino acids by these parasites [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Coombs / FEMS Microbiology Letters I30 (1995) [253][254][255][256][257][258] evolution) and so it seemed possible that amino acid catabolism may also be an important contributor to energy generation in the amoebae. To date, however, there are no published data on the uptake of different amino acids by these parasites [5]. The aim of this study was to provide information on the consumption of amino acids by the two species of Entamoeba and an insight into whether any amino acids may serve as energy substrates for the parasites.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Amino acid consumption by the parasitic, amoeboid protists Entamoeba histolytica and E. invadens

Zuo¹

1995

FEMS Microbiology Letters

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Amino acid consumption by Entamoeba histolytica and E. invadens has been measured in order to assess the possible roles of amino acids as energy substrates. Mixtures of amino acids enhanced the growth of the parasites in complex medium and their survival in simple medium. The consumption of several amino acids by the parasites suspended in simple media was greater when glucose was absent, suggesting that they may act as alternative energy sources. Under these conditions, asparagine was consumed extremely rapidly by E. histolytica in particular, and arginine, leucine and threonine were used greatly by both species. There was also a marked consumption of aspartate, but this occurred even when glucose was present. These five amino acids and phenylalanine were the ones consumed in greatest amounts during growth of E. histolytica in complex medium. Under the same growth conditions, E. invadens also used asparagine, arginine, leucine and threonine and in addition there was a large consumption of serine and especially glutamate. In contrast, the aspartate concentration in the complex medium increased and there was also a net increase in the concentration of some other amino acids. Alanine was produced by both species when the parasites were incubated in simple medium with glucose, and in greater amounts during growth in complex media, suggesting that it is an end product of energy metabolism. The findings provide support for the suggestion that energy generation through amino acid catabolism may be a characteristic feature of anaerobic parasitic protists.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Amino acid consumption by the parasitic, amoeboid protists Entamoeba histolytica and E. invadens

Zuo¹

1995

FEMS Microbiology Letters

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“…Contrastingly, L -serine is systematically synthesized primarily from amino acids, and D -serine from L -serine through the racemase, which further contributes to the regulations of various biologically important functions such as physiology, biochemistry, and fecundity [ 4 ]. For instance, the silkworm Bombyx mori PSP ( BmPSP ) showed strong expression in regulating the quality of silk via modulating the L -serine and several other vital metabolites [ 38 ]. When overexpressed, the PSP gene ( EhPSP ) in Entamoeba histolytica significantly augmented its tolerance against oxidative stress [ 31 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Phosphoserine Phosphatase Alters the Free Amino Acid Compositions and Fecundity in Cyrtorhinus lividipennis Reuter

Ahmad

Zhang

Wang

et al. 2022

IJMS

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The mirid bug Cyrtorhinus lividipennis (Reuter) is an important predator that consumes eggs and young nymphs of the brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens as a primary food source and thus becomes an important member of the rice ecosystem. We identified and characterized the ClPSP gene in C. lividipennis encoding the phosphoserine phosphatase enzyme. The ClPSP has an open reading frame (ORF) of 957 bp encoding a protein with a length of 294bp and it possesses a haloacid dehalogenase-like (HAD) hydrolase, phosphoserine phosphatase, eukaryotic-like (HAD_PSP_eu) conserved domain. Furthermore, the in silico analysis of the ClPSP gene unveiled its distinct characteristics and it serves as a key player in the modulation of amino acids. The ClPSP showed expression in all developmental stages, with higher expression observed in the ovary and fat body. Silencing the ClPSP by RNA interference (RNAi) significantly decreased PSP enzyme activity and expression compared to dsGFP at two days after emergence (2DAE). The dsPSP treatment altered free hemolymph amino acid compositions, resulting in a significant reduction of serine (Ser) and Arginine (Arg) proportions and a significant increase of Threonine (Thr), Cystine (Cys), and Tyrosine (Tyr) in the C. lividipennis female at 2 DAE. Additionally, a hindered total protein concentration in the ovary and fat body, and reduced vitellogenin (Vg) expression, body weight, and number of laid eggs, were also observed. The same treatment also prolonged the preoviposition period and hindered ovarian development. Our data, for the first time, demonstrated the influential role of the PSP gene in modulating the fecundity of C. lividipennis and provide a platform for future insect pest control programs using the PSP gene in modulating fecundity.

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“…Yet, this is only part of the story. For parasitic protozoa in the gut or reproductive tract (Giardia, Cryptosporidium, E. histolytica, Trichomonas), reduced oxygen availability means that anaerobic fermentation of glucose and amino acid carbon sources, and not oxidative phosphorylation, is the strategy used for energy generation (Lockwood & Coombs 1991;Edwards et al 1992;Schofield et al 1992;Coombs & Muller 1995;North & Lockwood 1995;Zuo et al 1995;Yarlett et al 1996). Even here, however, specialized biochemical twists maximize the ATP yield from what could be considered an inefficient catabolism of fuel sources.…”

Section: Comparative Metabolism: Survival Within a Nichementioning

confidence: 99%

Niche metabolism in parasitic protozoa

Ginger

2005

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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Complete or partial genome sequences have recently become available for several medically and evolutionarily important parasitic protozoa. Through the application of bioinformatics complete metabolic repertoires for these parasites can be predicted. For experimentally intractable parasites insight provided by metabolic maps generated in silico has been startling. At its more extreme end, such bioinformatics reckoning facilitated the discovery in some parasites of mitochondria remodelled beyond previous recognition, and the identification of a non-photosynthetic chloroplast relic in malarial parasites. However, for experimentally tractable parasites, mapping of the general metabolic terrain is only a first step in understanding how the parasite modulates its streamlined, yet still often puzzlingly complex, metabolism in order to complete life cycles within host, vector, or environment. This review provides a comparative overview and discussion of metabolic strategies used by several different parasitic protozoa in order to subvert and survive host defences, and illustrates how genomic data contribute to the elucidation of parasite metabolism.

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Amino Acid and Protein Metabolism

Cited by 6 publications

References 74 publications

Amino acid consumption by the parasitic, amoeboid protists Entamoeba histolytica and E. invadens

Amino acid consumption by the parasitic, amoeboid protists Entamoeba histolytica and E. invadens

The Phosphoserine Phosphatase Alters the Free Amino Acid Compositions and Fecundity in Cyrtorhinus lividipennis Reuter

Niche metabolism in parasitic protozoa

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