Amino acid changes in the spike protein of feline coronavirus correlate with systemic spread of virus from the intestine and not with feline infectious peritonitis

Porter, Emily; Tasker, Séverine; Day, Michael; Harley, Ross; Kipar, Anja; Siddell, Stuart G.; Helps, Christopher R

doi:10.1186/1297-9716-45-49

Cited by 85 publications

(150 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…One additional cat not affected by FIP (IHC negative on all organs) tested positive on nRT-PCR for FCoV. Indeed, viral systemic spread is not uncommon in FCoV-infected cats not affected by FIP (Porter et al, 2014;Barker et al, 2017).…”

Section: Caseloadmentioning

confidence: 97%

Feline morbillivirus in Northern Italy: prevalence in urine and kidneys with and without renal disease

Stranieri

Lauzi

Dallari

et al. 2019

Veterinary Microbiology

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A B S T R A C TFeline morbillivirus (FeMV) is an emerging virus that was first described in Hong Kong in 2012. Several reports suggested the epidemiological association of FeMV infection with chronic kidney disease (CKD) in cats. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence and the genetic diversity of FeMV as well as the relationship between FeMV infection and CKD in cats from Northern Italy. Urine (n = 81) and kidney samples (n = 27) from 92 cats admitted to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the University of Milan between 2014 and 2017 were investigated for FeMV infection. FeMV RNA was detected in one urine sample (1.23%; 95% CI: 0.03-6.68%) and in two kidneys (7.40%; 95% CI: 0.91-24.28%). FeMV RNA was revealed only in urine or kidneys of cats without evidence of CKD. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the three strains clustered with FeMV strains retrieved from public database, forming a distinct sub-cluster of FeMV. The presence of distinct genotypes of FeMV found in this study is in accordance with previous studies demonstrating that FeMV strains are genetically diverse. A clear relationship between the presence of FeMV infection and CKD in the cats from Northern Italy was not observed, confirming recent reports that do not support the hypothesis that FeMV infection is associated with the development of CKD.

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Section: Caseloadmentioning

confidence: 97%

Feline morbillivirus in Northern Italy: prevalence in urine and kidneys with and without renal disease

Stranieri

Lauzi

Dallari

et al. 2019

Veterinary Microbiology

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“…These would seem to be logical mutations to incorporate into a RT-qPCR. However, a more recent study by Porter et al (2014) demonstrated the presence of coronavirus with the FIPV-specific fusion peptide mutation in tissues of healthy cats. They concluded that the spike fusion region specific mutation was an adaptation of FECV for growth in blood monocyte/ macrophages and not directly related to disease.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Levels of feline infectious peritonitis virus in blood, effusions, and various tissues and the role of lymphopenia in disease outcome following experimental infection

Pedersen

Eckstrand

Liu

et al. 2015

Veterinary Microbiology

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Twenty specific pathogen free cats were experimentally infected with a virulent cat-passaged type I field strain of FIPV. Eighteen cats succumbed within 2-4 weeks to effusive abdominal FIP, one survived for 6 weeks, and one seroconverted without outward signs of disease. A profound drop in the absolute count of blood lymphocytes occurred around 2 weeks post-infection (p.i.) in cats with rapid disease, while the decrease was delayed in the one cat that survived for 6 weeks. The absolute lymphocyte count of the surviving cat remained within normal range. Serum antibodies as measured by indirect immunofluorescence appeared after 2 weeks p.i. and correlated with the onset of disease signs. Viral genomic RNA was either not detectable by reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) or detectable only at very low levels in terminal tissues not involved directly in the infection, including hepatic and renal parenchyma, cardiac muscle, lung or popliteal lymph node. High tissue virus loads were measured in severely affected tissues such as the omentum, mesenteric lymph nodes and spleen. High levels of viral genomic RNA were also detected in whole ascitic fluid, with the cellular fraction containing 10-1000 times more viral RNA than the supernatant. Replicating virus was strongly associated with macrophages by immunohistochemistry. Virus was usually detected at relatively low levels in feces and there was no evidence of enterocyte infection. Viral genomic RNA was not detected at the level of test sensitivity in whole blood, plasma, or the white cell fraction in terminal samples from the 19 cats that succumbed or in the single survivor. These studies reconfirmed the effect of lymphopenia on disease outcome. FIPV genomic RNA was also found to be highly macrophage associated within diseased tissues and effusions as determined by RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry but was not present in blood.

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“…The feline coronavirus (FCoV) possesses a large genome (almost 30 kb) organized in 11 putative open reading frames (ORFs) encoding 16 nonstructural proteins involved in virus replication as well as four structural proteins (Spike, S; Membrane, M; Nucleocapsid, N; Envelope, E) and five accessory proteins (3 a-c, 7a and b) (Kipar and Meli, 2014). Not yet well characterized viral mutations, along with an inadequate immune response of the host, lead to the inevitably deadly disease of felids called feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) (Pedersen, 2009;Porter et al, 2014). The diagnosis of FIP is challenging in vivo and must rely on several clinico-pathological tests (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reverse transcriptase loop-mediated isothermal amplification for the detection of feline coronavirus

Stranieri

Lauzi

Giordano

et al. 2017

Journal of Virological Methods

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The Feline coronavirus (FCoV) is the etiological agent of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), a lethal disease of felids. The role of molecular methods is controversial for the diagnosis of FIP, while essential for the identification of the shedders. Thus, a fast and inexpensive method for the detection of FCoV could be beneficial, especially in multicat environments. A reverse transcription loop mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay was developed. RNA extraction and RT-nPCR for FCoV were performed on thirty-two samples (11 faeces, 9 blood, 8 effusions, and 4 lymph nodes) collected from 27 cats. Six RT-LAMP primers were designed from the same conserved region of RT-nPCR, and the assay was run at 63°C for one hour. Results were evaluated through both agarose gel run and hydroxynapthol blue (HNB) dye and then compared with RT-nPCR results for the assessment of sensitivity and specificity. The overall specificity was 100%, but the sensitivity was 50% and 54.5% for agarose gel and HNB respectively. Therefore, RT-LAMP seems optimal to confirm the presence of the virus, but not applicable to exclude it.

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Amino acid changes in the spike protein of feline coronavirus correlate with systemic spread of virus from the intestine and not with feline infectious peritonitis

Cited by 85 publications

References 30 publications

Feline morbillivirus in Northern Italy: prevalence in urine and kidneys with and without renal disease

Feline morbillivirus in Northern Italy: prevalence in urine and kidneys with and without renal disease

Levels of feline infectious peritonitis virus in blood, effusions, and various tissues and the role of lymphopenia in disease outcome following experimental infection

Reverse transcriptase loop-mediated isothermal amplification for the detection of feline coronavirus

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