Amino Acids and Nitrogen Compounds

Kohlmeier, Martin

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-387784-0.00008-0

Cited by 27 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 338 publications

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“…Increasing DLM did not appear to affect ( P > 0.10) cellular glycogen or glucose in culture media (Figs 2 and 3). Methionine is considered a gluconeogenic amino acid as its metabolism can be traced to succinyl-CoA for conversion to OAA and then to phosphoenolpyruvate by PEPCKc or PEPCKm for use in gluconeogenesis [40]. Because the activity of PEPCKc, rather than PEPCKm, is said to regulate the entry of amino acids into gluconeogenesis [1], decreasing PEPCKc with increasing DLM would suggest the amino acid was not used to support gluconeogenesis.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glucose metabolism is differentially altered by choline and methionine in bovine neonatal hepatocytes

Chandler

White

2019

PLoS ONE

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Choline and methionine serve essential roles in the liver that may interact with glucose metabolism. Our objectives were to quantify glucose export, cellular glycogen, and expression of genes controlling oxidation and gluconeogenesis in primary bovine neonatal hepatocytes exposed to increasing concentrations of choline chloride (CC) and D,L-methionine (DLM) with or without fatty acids (FA). Primary hepatocytes isolated from 3 Holstein calves were maintained as monolayer cultures for 24 h before treatment with CC (61, 128, 2028, 4528 μmol/L) and DLM (16, 30, 100, 300 μmol/L) with or without a 1 mmol/L FA cocktail in a factorial design. After 24 h, media was harvested to quantify glucose, β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), and cells harvested to quantify glycogen, DNA, and gene expression. No interactions between CC and DLM were detected. The potential two-way interaction between CC or DLM and FA was partitioned into three contrasts when P ≤ 0.20: linear without FA, linear with FA, difference of slope. Fatty acids did not affect glucose or cellular glycogen but increased pyruvate carboxylase ( PC ), cytosolic and mitochondrial phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCKc , PEPCKm ), and glucose-6-phosphatase ( G6PC ) expression. Increasing CC decreased glucose but increased cellular glycogen. Expression of PC and PEPCKc was increased by CC during FA treatment. Increasing DLM did not affect metabolites or PC expression, although PEPCKc was marginally decreased. Methionine did not affect G6PC , while CC had a marginal quadratic effect on G6PC . Oxidative and gluconeogenic enzymes appear to respond to FA in primary bovine neonatal hepatocytes. Increased PC and PEPCKc by CC during FA treatment suggest increased gluconeogenic capacity. Changes in G6PC may have shifted glucose-6-phosphate towards cellular glycogen; however, subsequent examination of G6PC protein is needed. Unaltered PC and marginally decreased PEPCKc suggest increased oxidative capacity with DLM, although BHB export was unaltered. The differential regulation supports unique effects of CC and DLM within bovine hepatocytes.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glucose metabolism is differentially altered by choline and methionine in bovine neonatal hepatocytes

Chandler

White

2019

PLoS ONE

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“…Methanol, which was significantly more concentrated in the G2 group, could be derived from methionine metabolism 26 or from methane during the methane metabolism pathway. However, methionine does not exhibit concentration changes that would suggest an alteration in its metabolism.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ketone bodies can be synthesized from ketogenic amino acids (lysine and leucine) and glucogenic and ketogenic amino acids (isoleucine) 25 , 26 . However, while isoleucine tended to increase from G0 to G2, lysine tended to show the opposite trend, in agreement with Sun et al (2014) and Wang et al (2016).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differences in the serum metabolome profile of dairy cows according to the BHB concentration revealed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR)

Lisuzzo

Laghi

Faillace

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

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The mobilization of body reserves during the transition from pregnancy to lactation might predispose dairy cows to develop metabolic disorders such as subclinical ketosis or hyperketonemia. These conditions are not easily identifiable and are frequently related to other diseases that cause economic loss. The aim of this study was to evaluate the serum metabolome differences according to the β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) concentration. Forty-nine Holstein Friesian dairy cows were enrolled between 15 and 30 days in milk. According to their serum BHB concentration, the animals were divided into three groups: Group 0 (G0; 12 healthy animals; BHB ≤ 0.50 mmol/L); Group 1 (G1; 19 healthy animals; 0.51 ≤ BHB < 1.0 mmol/L); and Group 2 (G2; 18 hyperketonemic animals; BHB ≥ 1.0 mmol/L). Animal data and biochemical parameters were examined with one-way ANOVA, and metabolite significant differences were examined by t-tests. Fifty-seven metabolites were identified in the serum samples. Thirteen metabolites showed significant effects and seemed to be related to the mobilization of body reserves, lipids, amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism, and ruminal fermentation.

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“…Supplementation with additional dietary choline also tended to reduce the serum BUN and glucose. This could suggest increased recycling of methionine and potentially increased protein synthesis as opposed to amino acid degradation, thus, resulting in gluconeogenesis and the formation of urea [ 84 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serum Lipid, Amino Acid and Acylcarnitine Profiles of Obese Cats Supplemented with Dietary Choline and Fed to Maintenance Energy Requirements

Verbrugghe

Rankovic

Armstrong

et al. 2021

Animals

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Obesity is a health concern for domestic cats. Obesity and severe energy restriction predispose cats to feline hepatic lipidosis. As choline is linked to lipid metabolism, we hypothesized that dietary choline supplementation would assist in reducing hepatic fat through increased lipoprotein transport and fatty acid oxidation. Twelve obese cats (body condition score [BCS] ≥ 8/9) were split into two groups. Cats were fed a control (n = 6; 4587 mg choline/kg dry matter [DM]) or a high choline diet (n = 6; 18,957 mg choline/kg DM) for 5 weeks, for adult maintenance. On days 0 and 35, fasted blood was collected, and the body composition was assessed. Serum lipoprotein and biochemistry profiles, plasma amino acids and plasma acylcarnitines were analyzed. The body weight, BCS and body composition were unaffected (p > 0.05). Choline increased the serum cholesterol, triacylglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and plasma methionine (p < 0.05) and decreased the serum blood urea nitrogen and alkaline phosphatase (p < 0.05). Choline also reduced the plasma acylcarnitine to free carnitine ratio (p = 0.006). Choline may assist in eliminating hepatic fat through increased fat mobilization and enhanced methionine recycling.

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Amino Acids and Nitrogen Compounds

Cited by 27 publications

References 338 publications

Glucose metabolism is differentially altered by choline and methionine in bovine neonatal hepatocytes

Glucose metabolism is differentially altered by choline and methionine in bovine neonatal hepatocytes

Differences in the serum metabolome profile of dairy cows according to the BHB concentration revealed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR)

Serum Lipid, Amino Acid and Acylcarnitine Profiles of Obese Cats Supplemented with Dietary Choline and Fed to Maintenance Energy Requirements

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