Amino Acids in Intestinal Physiology and Health

Beaumont, Martín; Blachier, François

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-45328-2_1

Cited by 68 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 168 publications

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“…The metabolism of AA by the gut microbiota releases numerous metabolites in the intestinal lumen ( 153 ). These bioactive compounds are key molecular intermediates between the microbiota and its host.…”

Section: Roles Of Amino Acids In Intestinal Homeostasismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similarly to carbohydrates, AA can serve as precursors for the production of the main SCFA including acetate and butyrate that are well-known regulators of gut health ( 154 ). Moreover, some SCFA are produced exclusively from AA (isobutyrate, isovalerate, 2-methylbutyrate) but their effect on gut health has not been extensively studied ( 153 ). Recent research has highlighted the beneficial role on gut health of bacterial metabolites derived from tryptophan (indolic compounds) ( 155 ).…”

Section: Roles Of Amino Acids In Intestinal Homeostasismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Catabolism of AA by the gut microbiota also produces amines and polyamines such as putrescine, cadaverine and 5-aminovalerate. The effects on gut health of these metabolites are not clear yet since both beneficial and detrimental effects were described according to the studies and concentration tested ( 153 ). It is also worth noting that AA degradation by the microbiota can release toxic compounds such as deamination-derived ammonia, cysteine-derived hydrogen sulfide and tyrosine derived p-cresol ( 153 ).…”

Section: Roles Of Amino Acids In Intestinal Homeostasismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The effects on gut health of these metabolites are not clear yet since both beneficial and detrimental effects were described according to the studies and concentration tested ( 153 ). It is also worth noting that AA degradation by the microbiota can release toxic compounds such as deamination-derived ammonia, cysteine-derived hydrogen sulfide and tyrosine derived p-cresol ( 153 ). In Table 3 , we summarized the main metabolites yielded by bacterial metabolism of the AA that were tested in the in vivo trial that included in the present review.…”

Section: Roles Of Amino Acids In Intestinal Homeostasismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Functional Amino Acids in Pigs and Chickens: Implication for Gut Health

et al. 2021

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In pigs and broiler chickens, the gastrointestinal tract or gut is subjected to many challenges which alter performance, animal health, welfare and livability. Preventive strategies are needed to mitigate the impacts of these challenges on gut health while reducing the need to use antimicrobials. In the first part of the review, we propose a common definition of gut health for pig and chickens relying on four pillars, which correspond to the main functions of the digestive tract: (i) epithelial barrier and digestion, (ii) immune fitness, (iii) microbiota balance and (iv) oxidative stress homeostasis. For each pillar, we describe the most commonly associated indicators. In the second part of the review, we present the potential of functional amino acid supplementation to preserve and improve gut health in piglets and chickens. We highlight that amino acid supplementation strategies, based on their roles as precursors of energy and functional molecules, as signaling molecules and as microbiota modulators can positively contribute to gut health by supporting or restoring its four intertwined pillars. Additional work is still needed in order to determine the effective dose of supplementation and mode of administration that ensure the full benefits of amino acids. For this purpose, synergy between amino acids, effects of amino acid-derived metabolites and differences in the metabolic fate between free and protein-bound amino acids are research topics that need to be furtherly investigated.

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Section: Roles Of Amino Acids In Intestinal Homeostasismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Roles Of Amino Acids In Intestinal Homeostasismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Roles Of Amino Acids In Intestinal Homeostasismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Roles Of Amino Acids In Intestinal Homeostasismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Functional Amino Acids in Pigs and Chickens: Implication for Gut Health

et al. 2021

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“…Therefore, glutamine has a high interorgan exchange flux ( Figure 2 E). Dietary glutamine is absorbed by the gut, where it is subsequently deaminated into glutamate and α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) to fuel the TCA cycle and sustain the energetic demands of enterocytes and colonocytes [ 34 ]. Beyond the gut, glutaminolysis supports TCA cycle anaplerosis in almost every organ, with a particularly high contribution in the pancreas [ 27 ].…”

Section: Does In Vivo Tracer Administration Challenge Physiological Metabolism?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiological impact of in vivo stable isotope tracing on cancer metabolism

Grima-Reyes

Martinez-Turtos

Abramovich

et al. 2021

Molecular Metabolism

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Background There is growing interest in the analysis of tumor metabolism to identify cancer-specific metabolic vulnerabilities and therapeutic targets. Finding of such candidate metabolic pathways mainly relies on the highly sensitive identification and quantitation of numerous metabolites and metabolic fluxes using metabolomics and isotope tracing analyses. However, nutritional requirements and metabolic routes used by cancer cells cultivated in vitro do not always reflect the metabolic demands of malignant cells within the tumor milieu. Therefore, to understand how the metabolism of tumor cells in its physiological environment differs from that of normal cells, these analyses must be performed in vivo . Scope of Review This review covers the physiological impact of the exogenous administration of a stable isotope tracer into cancer animal models. We discuss specific aspects of in vivo isotope tracing protocols based on discrete bolus injections of a labeled metabolite: the tracer administration per se and the fasting period prior to it. In addition, we illustrate the complex physiological scenarios that arise when studying tumor metabolism – by isotopic labeling in animal models fed with a specific amino acid restricted diet. Finally, we provide strategies to minimize these limitations. Major Conclusions There is growing evidence that metabolic dependencies in cancers are influenced by tissue environment, cancer lineage, and genetic events. An increasing number of studies describe discrepancies in tumor metabolic dependencies when studied in in vitro settings or in vivo models, including cancer patients. Therefore, in-depth in vivo profiling of tumor metabolic routes within the appropriate pathophysiological environment will be key to identify relevant alterations that contribute to cancer onset and progression.

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COVID‐19‐associated liver injury: Adding fuel to the flame

Wang,

Shen,

et al. 2023

Cell Biochemistry & Function

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COVID‐19 is mainly characterized by respiratory disorders and progresses to multiple organ involvement in severe cases. With expansion of COVID‐19 and SARS‐CoV‐2 research, correlative liver injury has been revealed. It is speculated that COVID‐19 patients exhibited abnormal liver function, as previously observed in the SARS and MERS pandemics. Furthermore, patients with underlying diseases such as chronic liver disease are more susceptible to SARS‐CoV‐2 and indicate a poor prognosis accompanied by respiratory symptoms, systemic inflammation, or metabolic diseases. Therefore, COVID‐19 has the potential to impair liver function, while individuals with preexisting liver disease suffer from much worse infected conditions. COVID‐19 related liver injury may be owing to direct cytopathic effect, immune dysfunction, gut−liver axis interaction, and inappropriate medication use. However, discussions on these issues are infancy. Expanding research have revealed that angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression mediated the combination of virus and target cells, iron metabolism participated in the virus life cycle and the fate of target cells, and amino acid metabolism regulated immune response in the host cells, which are all closely related to liver health. Further exploration holds great significance in elucidating the pathogenesis, facilitating drug development, and advancing clinical treatment of COVID‐19‐related liver injury. This article provides a review of the clinical and laboratory hepatic characteristics in COVID‐19 patients, describes the etiology and impact of liver injury, and discusses potential pathophysiological mechanisms.

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Amino Acids in Intestinal Physiology and Health

Cited by 68 publications

References 168 publications

Functional Amino Acids in Pigs and Chickens: Implication for Gut Health

Functional Amino Acids in Pigs and Chickens: Implication for Gut Health

Physiological impact of in vivo stable isotope tracing on cancer metabolism

COVID‐19‐associated liver injury: Adding fuel to the flame

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