2023
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137913
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Amino antioxidants: A review of their environmental behavior, human exposure, and aquatic toxicity

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Cited by 35 publications
(35 citation statements)
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“…Several PPDs present in crumb rubbers and consumer products are considered high production volume chemicals; in 2020, 6PPD production was 200,000 tons in China alone . Amino antioxidants including PPDs and their quinoid transformation products are now being recognized as pervasive environmental pollutants present in most environmental matrices including air, dust, water, and snow. …”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Several PPDs present in crumb rubbers and consumer products are considered high production volume chemicals; in 2020, 6PPD production was 200,000 tons in China alone . Amino antioxidants including PPDs and their quinoid transformation products are now being recognized as pervasive environmental pollutants present in most environmental matrices including air, dust, water, and snow. …”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Its median concentration was at least 1 order of magnitude higher than the other analogues. The latest annual production volumes of DPG reached 454–9070 and 1000–10 000 tonnes in the U.S. and Europe, respectively. , Although we could not locate a public repository for production information on DPG (also other AAL/Os) in China, given the rapid growth of application industries, particularly automobile and rubber, the Chinese market should constitute the majority of global demand for rubber tire-derived chemicals . As expected, substantial DPG was detected in house dust gathered from China, Australia, and the U.S. but with median concentrations (5030–11 400 ng/g) significantly greater than our observations (121 ng/g), suggesting large-scale application of DPG in household products.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 62%
“…As two large suites of synthetic aniline-based additives, amino accelerators and antioxidants (AAL/Os) have been ubiquitously used in numerous industrial and consumer products including rubber, lubricants, plastics, foam, and fuel. AALs can accelerate the vulcanization processes of polymer manufacture, , while AAOs are utilized to minimize the oxidative degradation of articles during storage and use. Many AAL/Os, including 1,3-diphenyl­guanidine (DPG) and N -(1,3-dimethyl­butyl)- N ′-phenyl- p -phenylene­diamine (6PPD), are listed as high-production-volume chemicals in the U.S. and Europe. , The fact that these chemicals are not chemically bonded to the materials they are blended with, and several decades of their large-scale applications have resulted in AAL/O-contamination of nearly all environmental compartments (particularly those subjected to heavy anthropogenic interferences) and various ecosystems. , Additionally, recent studies also confirmed the build-ups of DPG, diphenyl­amine (DPA), and 6PPD in humans, as well as the former’s capacity to penetrate placentas, indicating prenatal exposure. The widespread distribution, bioaccumulative and toxic potential of AAL/Os have made them become contaminants of emerging concern, receiving an increasing number of investigations recently. …”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
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