“…Among them, heteropolyacids (HPAs) with Keggin-type structure, which possess unique features such as low volatility, noncorrosive, non-toxic, strong Brønsted acidic strength, and excellent redox properties, have been extensively studied and utilized as solid acid catalyst for heterogeneous reactions. [11][12][13][14] Nonetheless, owing to their high solubility in polar solvents, HPA-based catalyst systems are drawback by their difficulty in catalyst separation and recycling. As such, modified HPA catalysts, particularly those that may be easily prepared using a feasible support, open up a wide new possibilities to unravel the aforementioned problems.…”