Aminoacyl tRNA Synthetases: Implications of Structural Biology in Drug Development against Trypanosomatid Parasites

Abstract

The ensemble of aminoacyl tRNA synthetases is regarded as a key component of the protein translation machinery. With the progressive increase in structure-based studies on tRNA synthetase-ligand complexes, the detailed picture of these enzymes is becoming clear. Having known their critical role in deciphering the genetic code in a living system, they have always been chosen as one of the important targets for development of antimicrobial drugs. Later on, the role of aminoacyl tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) on the survivability of trypanosomatids has also been validated. It became evident through several gene knockout studies that targeting even one of these enzymes affected parasitic growth drastically. Such successful studies have inspired researchers to search for inhibitors that could specifically target trypanosomal aaRSs, and their never-ending efforts have provided fruitful results. Taking all such studies into consideration, these macromolecules of prime importance deserve further investigation for the development of drugs that cure spectrum of infections caused by trypanosomatids. In this review, we have compiled advancements of over a decade that have taken place in the pursuit of devising drugs by using trypanosomatid aaRSs as a major target of interest. Several of these inhibitors work on an exemplary low concentration range without posing any threat to the mammalian cells which is a very critical aspect of the drug discovery process. Advancements have been made in terms of using structural biology as an important tool to analyze the architecture of the trypanosomatids aaRSs and concoction of inhibitors with augmented specificities toward their targets. Some of the inhibitors that have been tested on other parasites successfully but their efficacy has so far not been validated against these trypanosomatids have also been appended.

A Review of Antibacterial Candidates with New Modes of Action

“…The only marketed tRNA synthetase inhibitor antibacterial drug is mupirocin ( 70 ), − an isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase inhibitor that occupies both the isoleucine and ATP binding sites of isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase. , Mupirocin ( 70 ) has been used topically for G+ve bacterial skin infections since 1985. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase inhibitors also have promise for the treatment of other infectious diseases such as fungi (tavaborole ( 71 ), an FDA approved benzoxaborole leucyl-tRNA synthetase inhibitor), mycobacteria, malaria, leishmaniasis, African trypanosomiasis, and Chagas disease, as well as other human diseases. ,, …”