The article contains sections titled:
1.
Introduction
2.
Fundamentals of Peptide Synthesis
3.
Strategies for Peptide Synthesis
3.1.
Solid‐Phase Synthesis
3.2.
Microwave‐Assisted Peptide Synthesis
3.3.
Combinatorial Synthesis of Peptides
3.4.
Peptide Arrays
3.5.
Other Synthetic Methods
4.
Chain‐Growing‐, and Side‐Chain Protective Groups
4.1.
Protection of the α‐Amino Functionality (“Transient Protection”)
4.1.1.
Base‐Labile Protection of the α‐Amino Functionality
4.1.2.
Acid‐Labile Protection of the α‐Amino Functionality
4.1.3.
Other Orthogonal Protective Groups for the α‐Amino Functionality
4.2.
Side‐Chain Protective Groups (“Permanent Protection”)
4.2.1.
Side‐Chain Protective Groups for ω‐Carboxylic acids (D, E)
4.2.2.
Side‐Chain Protective Groups for Amides (N, Q)
4.2.3.
Side‐Chain Protective Groups for Thioles and Thioethers (C, M)
4.2.4.
Side‐Chain Protective Groups for the Imidazole Ring (H)
4.2.5.
Side‐Chain Protection for the Guanidinium Group (R)
4.2.6.
Side‐Chain Protective groups for ω‐Amines (K)
4.2.7.
Side‐Chain Protection for ω‐Hydroxyl Groups (S, T, Y)
4.2.8.
Side‐Chain Protection for Indole Groups (W)
5.
Coupling Methods—Formation of the Peptide Bond
5.1.
Diisopropylcarbodiimide (DIC)/
N
‐Hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBt) Activation
5.2.
Active Ester Method
5.3.
Symmetrical/Asymmetrical (Mixed) Anhydride Method
5.4.
Aminium and Phosphonium Activation
5.5.
Acid Fluorides
6.
Side Reactions
6.1.
Enantiomerization, Oxazolone Formation
6.2.
Aspartimide Formation
6.3.
Ornithine‐ and δ‐Lactam Formation
7.
Summary and Outlook