Ammonia

Appl, Max

doi:10.1002/14356007.a02_143

Cited by 28 publications

(33 citation statements)

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“…As the second most produced chemical in the world, the experience in manufacturing ammonia extends to over 100 years. The state of the art of the ammonia synthesis is predominantly based on the Haber–Bosch process from nitrogen and hydrogen . Since no side reaction is involved in synthesis and decomposition of ammonia, the complexity of the reaction system and the aligned separation system is largely reduced .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conceptual design of ammonia‐based energy storage system: System design and time‐invariant performance

2017

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in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com)Chemicals-based energy storage is promising for integrating intermittent renewables on the utility scale. High roundtrip efficiency, low cost, and considerable flexibility are desirable. To this end, an ammonia-based energy storage system is proposed. It utilizes a pressurized reversible solid-oxide fuel cell for power conversion, coupled with external ammonia synthesis and decomposition processes and a steam power cycle. A coupled refrigeration cycle is utilized to recycle nitrogen completely. Pure oxygen, produced as a side-product in electrochemical water splitting, is used to drive the fuel cell. A first-principle process model extended by detailed cost calculation is used for process optimization. In this work, the performance of a 100 MW system under time-invariant operation is studied. The system can achieve a roundtrip efficiency as high as 72%. The lowest levelized cost of delivered energy is obtained at 0.24 $/kWh, which is comparable to that of pumped hydro and compressed air energy storage systems.All cost data except that for the ammonia-based energy storage system are reproduced from Rastler. 8 [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com] 1 Stage number of the turbines [E-30/37,RE-5/7] Re HX 5000 Reynolds number of the main streams of all heat exchangers DV, decision variable; CP, calculated parameter; SP, specified parameter; SV, specified value.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conceptual design of ammonia‐based energy storage system: System design and time‐invariant performance

2017

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“…The reader is 115 directed to the literature for exhaustive treatment of many variations such as using coal as energy source, 116 sophisticated changes of heat integration of the process steps, catalysts, catalyst fundamentals, and many 117 other issues (32,33). The discussion below attempts to use the current best available technology 118…”

Section: Rising World-wide Interest In Ammonia 81mentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards sustainable agriculture: Fossil-free ammonia

Pfromm

2017

Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy

227

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6About 40% of our food would not exist without synthetic ammonia (NH 3 ) for fertilization. Yet, NH 3 7 production is energy intensive. About 2% of the world's commercial energy is consumed as fossil fuels 8 for NH 3 synthesis based on the century-old Haber-Bosch (H.-B.) process. The state of the art and the 9 opportunities for reducing the fossil energy footprint of industrial H.-B. NH 3 synthesis are discussed. It is 10shown that even a hypothetical utterly revolutionary H.-B. catalyst could not significantly reduce the 11 energy demand of H.-B. NH 3 as this is governed by hydrogen production. Renewable energy-enabled, 12fossil-free NH 3 synthesis is then evaluated based on the exceptional and continuing cost decline of 13 renewable electricity. H.-B. syngas (H 2 , N 2 ) is assumed to be produced by electrolysis and cryogenic air 14 separation, and then supplied to an existing H.-B. synthesis loop. Fossil-free NH 3 could be produced for 15 energy costs of about $232 per tonne NH 3 without claiming any economic benefits for the avoidance of 16 about 1.5 tonnes of CO 2 released per tonne NH 3 compared to the most efficient H.-B. implementations. 17Research into alternatives to the H.-B. process might be best targeted at emerging markets with currently 18 little NH 3 synthesis capacity but significant future population growth such as Africa. Reduced capital 19 intensity, good scale-down economics, tolerance for process upsets and contamination, and intermittent 20 operability are some desirable characteristics of NH 3 synthesis in less developed markets, and for 21 stranded resources. Processes that are fundamentally different from H.-B. may come to the fore under 22 these specific boundary conditions. 23

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“…Today's ammonia production exhibits a high carbon footprint, thus motivating research on sustainable production methods . Electrified ammonia production dates back to the 1920s, where the Haber‐Bosch process was coupled with a large‐scale hydro‐powered alkaline water electrolysis .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Renewable production of ammonia and nitric acid

2020

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Decarbonization of the power sector offers ammonia industry an opportunity to reduce its CO 2 emissions through sector coupling. Extending from our previous work, we propose a power-based process for ammonia and nitric acid production. The coupling of nitric acid production facilitates highly efficient heat integration between steam electrolysis and the rest of the process. We investigate the economic performance of the production complex through a model-based dynamic optimization approach, considering scenarios with or without incorporation of intermittent wind power as well as deployment of battery storage. In all cases, the wind power integration proves to be economic with a peak-to-base load ratio of up to 2.3. The new process reduces primary energy consumption by more than 13% compared to conventional technologies. However, it is only economically competitive with help of either a low-cost battery storage or a higher carbon price on fossil fuels. The results also confirm the importance of considering process dynamics during process design. K E Y W O R D S dynamic optimization, electrification, Haber-Bosch, process design, sustainability

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Ammonia

Cited by 28 publications

References 0 publications

Conceptual design of ammonia‐based energy storage system: System design and time‐invariant performance

Conceptual design of ammonia‐based energy storage system: System design and time‐invariant performance

Towards sustainable agriculture: Fossil-free ammonia

Renewable production of ammonia and nitric acid

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