Ammonia toxicity to fishes.  Effect of pH on the toxicity of the unionized ammonia species

Thurston, Robert V.; Russo, Rosemarie C.; Виноградов, Г. А.

doi:10.1021/es00089a012

Cited by 239 publications

(121 citation statements)

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“…The un-ionized form of ammonia may be toxic to fish depending on factors such as pH variation (Thurston et al, 1981a), reduction of the dissolved oxygen level (Thurston et al, 1981b) and alterations in water temperature (Wajsbrot et al, 1993). In the present work, the values of pH, dissolved oxygen and temperature were maintained under control allowing the rate of NH 3 in the water to remain in the concentrations and ranges previously established.…”

Section: The Water and Lc 50 Nhmentioning

confidence: 84%

Morphological changes in the gills of Lophiosilurus alexandri exposed to un‐ionized ammonia

Cardoso¹,

Chiarini-Garcia

Ferreira

et al. 1996

Journal of Fish Biology

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The average lethal concentration of un-ionized ammonia (48-h LC 50 NH 3 ) has been determined by the static assay for larvae (0·48 mg l 1 ) and alevins (0·92 mg l 1 ) of ' pacamã ' Lophiosilurus alexandri. Studies by light and scanning electron microscopes at the greatest concentration of NH 3 (0·99 mg l 1 for larvae and 1·5 mg l 1 for alevins) have shown that the changes in the cells and branchial tissue were more intense in the alevins. 1996 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles

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Section: The Water and Lc 50 Nhmentioning

confidence: 84%

Morphological changes in the gills of Lophiosilurus alexandri exposed to un‐ionized ammonia

Cardoso¹,

Chiarini-Garcia

Ferreira

et al. 1996

Journal of Fish Biology

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“…Ammonia concentrations in Walker Lake are likely to increase with lake desiccation because the ratio of hypolimnetic volume to hypolimnetic oxygen demand decreases with reduced lake depth, resulting in longer periods of hypolimnetic anoxia during lake stratification (Beutel 2001). In laboratory exposures, the acute tolerance limit for total ammonia decreased from 181 mg/L at pH 6.51 to 2.53 mg/L at pH 9.01 in rainbow trout (O. mykiss; Thurston et al 1981). Acute ammonia tolerances in westslope cutthroat trout at pH 8.0 were similar to rainbow trout (Thurston et al 1978).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Acclimation Improves Short-Term Survival of Hatchery Lahontan Cutthroat Trout in Water From Saline, Alkaline Walker Lake, Nevada

Bigelow

Rauw

Gomez‐Raya

2010

Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management

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We investigated the effectiveness of two acclimation protocols for 8-month-old Lahontan cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii henshawi, reared at Lahontan National Fish Hatchery in terms of survival during a week-long challenge in water from saline, alkaline Walker Lake, Nevada. Fish were acclimated for 0 (control), 3, and 8 d by increasing the ratio of lake water to hatchery water. For the 3-d acclimation treatment, 50% of the tank water was replaced with lake water each day. For the 8-d treatment, 33% of the water was replaced with lake water on the first through fourth day of acclimation. Survival during acclimation (i.e., prior to the challenge) was lowest for fish acclimated 3 d. Median survival time during the lake water challenge was 8 h for unacclimated fish, and 8 and 12 h for fish surviving the 3-and 8-d acclimation treatments, respectively. No fish survived the entire week-long challenge. Compared with no acclimation, 3-and 8-d acclimation decreased the hazard of mortality during the challenge. Increased fork length also reduced the hazard of death. Our results indicate acceptable survival rates cannot be achieved for subyearling, hatchery-reared Lahontan cutthroat trout stocked in Walker Lake without acclimation or with the acclimation methods employed in this study. Our results indicate that the acclimation method might be improved by the use of longer fish, longer acclimation, and better control of water temperature, ammonia concentration, and alkalinity.

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“…Porewater and elutriate tests caused practically 100% larval mortality in all the polluted sediments due to the presence of ammonium and heavy metals in concentrations which exceeded larval tolerance. The toxicity of aqueous ammonia solution to many aquatic organisms is primarily attributed to the to the NH 3 (un-ionized) species, with the ammonium ion (ionized) species being relatively less toxic (Armstrong et al, 1978;Thurston and Russo, 1981;Sarda and Burton, 1995). These tests suggest that soft and hard benthic communities from Portmán Bay would be prone to high toxicity during storm events that disturb deep sediments.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Amphipod and Sea Urchin tests to assess the toxicity of Mediterranean sediments: the case of Portmán Bay

César¹,

Marín²,

Marín-Guirao³

et al. 2004

Sci. Mar.

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SUMMARY:The sediment formed by the tailings of an abandoned mine, which discharged into Portmán Bay, Murcia, SESpain, was tested to establish a possible gradient of heavy metals. The results were compared with tolerance limits of what was calculated from control sites. Whole sediment toxicity tests were performed on two amphipod species, Gammarus aequicauda and Microdeutopus gryllotalpa, while sediment-water interface and porewater toxicity tests were performed on three sea urchins species, Arbacia lixula, Paracentrotus lividus and Sphaerechinus granularis. The sensitivity of these marine organisms was evaluated by exposure tests using the reference substances: ammonium chloride (NH 4 Cl), cadmium chloride (CdCl 2 ), potassium dichromate (K 2 Cr 2 O 7 ), sodium dodecyl sulfate (C 12 H 25 NaO 4 S) and zinc sulfate (ZnSO 4 ). The concentration of heavy metals decreased along the pollution gradient. Amphipod 10 day acute toxicity tests clearly demonstrated the gradient of toxicity. The sediment-water interface tests conducted with sea urchins also pointed to a pollution gradient and were more sensitive than the tests involving amphipods.Key words: amphipods, sea urchins, toxicity; sediment-water interface, pollution. RESUMEN: ENSAYOS CON ANFÍPODOS Y ERIZOS DE MAR PARA EVALUAR LA TOXICIDAD DE SEDIMENTOS MEDITERRÁNEOS: ELCASO DE LA BAHÍA DE PORTMÁN. -Los sedimentos formados por los estériles de una mina abandonada, que fueron descargados en la bahía de Portmán, Murcia, SE de España, fueron sometidos a ensayos para establecer un posible gradiente de metales pesados. Se realizaron ensayos de toxicidad total de los sedimentos en dos especies de anfípodos, Gammarus aequicauda y Microdeutopus gryllotalpa, mientras que se realizaron ensayos de toxicidad de la interfase sedimento-agua y del agua intersticial en tres especies de erizos de mar, Arbacia lixula, Paracentrotus lividus y Sphaerechinus granularis. La sensibilidad de estos organismos marinos se evaluó mediante ensayos de exposición que utilizaban las siguientes sustancias de referencia: cloruro amónico (NH 4 Cl), cloruro de cadmio (CdCl 2 ), dicromato potásico (K 2 Cr 2 O 7 ), dodecil sulfato de sodio (C 12 H 25 NaO 4 S) y sulfato de zinc (ZnSO 4 ). La concentración de metales pesados disminuyó a lo largo del gradiente de contaminación. Los ensayos de toxicidad aguda durante 10 días demostraron claramente el gradiente de toxicidad. Los ensayos de interfase sedimento-agua realizados con los erizos de mar también indicaron un gradiente de contaminación y fueron más sensitivos que los ensayos con anfípodos.Palabras clave: anfípodos, erizos de mar, toxicidad, interfase sedimento-agua, contaminación.

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Ammonia toxicity to fishes. Effect of pH on the toxicity of the unionized ammonia species

Cited by 239 publications

References 1 publication

Morphological changes in the gills of Lophiosilurus alexandri exposed to un‐ionized ammonia

Morphological changes in the gills of Lophiosilurus alexandri exposed to un‐ionized ammonia

Acclimation Improves Short-Term Survival of Hatchery Lahontan Cutthroat Trout in Water From Saline, Alkaline Walker Lake, Nevada

Amphipod and Sea Urchin tests to assess the toxicity of Mediterranean sediments: the case of Portmán Bay

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