Ammonium-Assisted Intercalation of Java Bentonite as Effective of Cationic Dye Removal

Abstract

Modification of Java bentonite assists by the multi-step intercalation of sodium and ammonium ions under lowtemperature preparation. The adsorbent was examined to remove rhodamine B and methylene blue dyes in an aqueous solvent. The analysis of structural changes conducted by XRD analysis showed the peak shifting from 19.89° to 16.1° and specific peak spectra FTIR of 2846.93 cm -1 due to increase basal spacing from ammonium intercalation. The total capacities of NH-bentonite, Na-bentonite, and Natural Bentonite adsorption to rhodamine B were 192.308 mg/g, 136.936 mg/g, and 116.279 mg/g, respectively, under acidic conditions. Furthermore, the total capacities of NH-bentonite, Na-bentonite, and Natural Bentonite adsorption to methylene blue were 270.27 mg/g, 158.73 mg/g, and 136.986 mg/g, respectively, under alkaline conditions. The adsorption mechanism described that the rhodamine B and methylene blue removal occurred endothermically, was feasible, and adhered to the kinetics model of pseudo-second-order and Langmuir isotherm. It concluded that the modified Java Bentonite from multistep intercalation is affordable and effective as wastewater treatment.

Pillarization of Sumatera Bentonite by Sodium-assisted As Effective Adsorbent of Anionic Surfactants Sodium Lauryl Sulphate (SLS) Waste

“…The characterization materials show integration information of adsorption synergism in the bentonite-modified adsorbent. The expanded materials shown in SEM analysis support the higher crystallinity condition affected by the intercalation process according to XRD analysis [34]. Moreover, the functional group transformation detected in FTIR analysis and BET surface area analysis supports the proposed adsorption mechanism dominated by direct interaction between adsorbent and adsorbate [35].…”

Palm oil mill effluent (POME) precipitation using ammonium-intercalated clay coagulant

“…Moreover, the slight increase in quartz peak was affected by the re-structure of the intercalation process after calcination. Those were caused by the calcination process using 200°C of temperature [27,[29][30][31]. According to Figure 3(b), the detailed diffractogram area between 10° and 11° strength proves interlayer lifting due to ammonium ion (NH4 + ) intercalation [32].…”

High Efficient of Ca/Al-Graphite for Removal of Direct Orange

“…According to the fit-test, the trend of kinetic adsorption follows the PSO of the kinetic adsorption model. According to Hakim et al (2023), the PSO model explains that the interaction in the adsorption of the adsorbate occurs through the chemisorption mechanism. The kinetic parameter is shown in Table 1.…”