Ammonium-ion energy storage devices for real-life deployment: storage mechanism, electrode design and system integration

Abstract

In recent times, there has been a growing interest among researchers in aqueous energy storage devices that utilize non-metallic ammonium ions (NH4+) as charge carriers. However, the selection of suitable...

Trace Cs induced phase transition of Mn2O3 for enhanced magnesium ion capacitors

“…4–6 The utilization of water-based electrolytes not only enhances conductivity but also mitigates the drawbacks associated with certain organic electrolytes, such as flammability, explosiveness, and high toxicity. 7,8 Nevertheless, the relatively limited research on aqueous magnesium-ion energy storage devices has given rise to specific challenges. Current cathode materials are predominantly confined to manganese-based oxides and Prussian blue analogs.…”

A Comprehensive Review of Ammonium Ion Hybrid Supercapacitors: Exploring Recent Breakthroughs and Future Horizons

“…These emerging energy storage devices stand out among all owing to their abundant resources, widespread availability, nontoxicity, and low molar mass (18 g·moL –1 ), which is not only the lightest among metal ions but even lighter than hydronium ions (H 3 O – ). This trait enables AIHSs with high energy density, rapid diffusion rates, and favorable cyclic performances compared to other carriers. − Despite having a relatively large ionic radius of 1.48 Å, the ammonium ion possesses the smallest hydrated ionic size of 3.31 Å. This unique combination of being lightweight and having a small hydrated ionic size promotes favorable kinetics for ion intercalation, deintercalation into the electrode material, and rapid diffusion of ammonium ions in the electrolyte.…”