Ammunition encoding by means of co-doped luminescent markers

Lucena, M. A.; Arouca, Aline M.; Talhavini, Márcio; Júnior, Severino Alves; Weber, Ingrid Távora

doi:10.1016/j.microc.2018.09.013

Cited by 9 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…They have thus been successfully applied in the anticounterfeiting domain. 6−9 Only for authentication purposes, such nano-objects can be randomly dispersed within the material or the product: fiber in textiles, 10,11 films in drugs, 12 residues in ammunition, 13 etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Micropatterning of Adhesive Epoxy with Embedded Colloidal Quantum Dots for Authentication and Tracing

Platel

Palleau

Vaure

et al. 2021

ACS Appl. Nano Mater.

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Permanently renewing security and tracking technologies is mandatory to fight the worldwide growing problem of conterfeiting, doped by the development of e-commerce and the consequences of social/sanitary crisis. In this context, a versatile microimprinting technology is proposed herein to directly tag the surface of an object of interest. The resulting photoluminescent micropatterned tags, based on an adhesive epoxy loaded with quantum dots, emit a specific optical signal when excited with UV light. The design of the tags is fully tunable and can authenticate a product and/or store secured traceability data with a lateral resolution of patterns down to 5 μm. Obtained tags are photostable up to 100°C. This technology is compatible with numerous surface configurations (flat/curved, horizontal/vertical, etc.), substrate materials (polymer, metal, glass, fibers, etc.), and various types of quantum dots or nano-objects. It can be used manually or implemented in a production line. Demonstration of the technical capabilities is made with various types of quantum dots. The key experimental parameters influencing the photoluminescence signal and the tag signal contrast are investigated in the case of InP@ZnS ones. As a proof of concept, three concrete tagging use cases are finally illustrated: electronic components, textiles, and ammunition for firearms.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Micropatterning of Adhesive Epoxy with Embedded Colloidal Quantum Dots for Authentication and Tracing

Platel

Palleau

Vaure

et al. 2021

ACS Appl. Nano Mater.

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“…Besides, the luminescent markers provide unique chemical signatures that permit the identification of GSR from both conventional and NTA. The availability of different markers also allows the development of an ammunition encoding system . It is important to know about their toxicity since shooters, industrial workers, and the environment will be exposed to the marker, as well as to justify their use in nontoxic ammunition.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The availability of different markers also allows the development of an ammunition encoding system. 19 It is important to know about their toxicity since shooters, industrial workers, and the environment will be exposed to the marker, as well as to justify their use in nontoxic ammunition.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Luminescent Marker for GSR: Evaluation of the Acute Oral and Inhalation Toxicity of the MOF [Eu(DPA)(HDPA)]

Talhari

Lucena

Mauricio

et al. 2020

ACS Appl. Bio Mater.

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The metal–organic framework (MOF) [Eu(DPA)(HDPA)] (where DPA is dipicolinic acid) has been previously reported as an efficient marker for gunshot residues (GSRs). Since this marker will be in contact with various shooters, industrial workers, and the environment, however, it is important to identify its toxicity. In this work, the oral and the inhalation acute toxicities of the MOF [Eu(DPA)(HDPA)] (also called R-Marker) were evaluated in young Wistar rats using Guidelines 423 (oral) and 436 (inhalation) from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Animal behavior; body weight, water, and food intake; and organ weight, as well as biochemical parameters were evaluated in both evaluations. For the inhalation test, a concentration of 1 mg·Lair –1·(4 h–1) was reached in a whole-body inhalation chamber. When the respiratory tract was analyzed, it was observed that part of the marker had been swallowed instead of inhaled by the animal. For the oral test, the highest administrated dose was 2000 mg/kg with no sign of toxicity. This marker has been classified in the least toxic category of the Globally Harmonized System (GHS; category 5), with an oral median lethal dose (LD50) of 5000 mg/kg. After the oral administration, the feces of the animals were collected using a metabolic cage. Luminescent feces were present up to 24 h after administration, indicating that the marker had been excreted by the organism without causing intoxication. This study has opened perspectives for drug delivery and toxicity studies, since it enables visual detection of the marker.

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“…The spectroscopic data provide information about the point group symmetry of the Eu 3+ site and information about the coordination polyhedron . By changing the lanthanide ion, it is possible to differentiate markers by the color of the emitted light . If the same ion is fixed, it is possible to differentiate the marker by analyzing the organic ligands.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…27 By changing the lanthanide ion, it is possible to differentiate markers by the color of the emitted light. 28 If the same ion is fixed, it is possible to differentiate the marker by analyzing the organic ligands. Our group has applied nearinfrared hyperspectral images combined to chemometric techniques to distinguish three luminescent markers based on changes of organic ligands.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of Luminescent Markers for Gunshot Residues: Fluorescence, Raman Spectroscopy, and Chemometrics

et al. 2019

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Gunshot residue (GSR) is an evidence of major importance in firearm-related crimes. The recent introduction of nontoxic ammunition has made impossible the characterization of GSR particles by the current methods employed by forensic experts. To overcome this drawback, the introduction of luminescent markers was proposed, allowing on-site visual detection of luminescent gunshot residue (LGSR) at the crime scene. Three different luminescent markers coordinated with europium for specific and selective encoding of ammunition have been proposed. To promote a variety of versatile tools for GSR analysis, spectroscopic techniques combined with chemometric methods can be applied to achieve a reliable, fast, and nondestructive means to identify LGSR and discriminate among the different markers. Luminescence (emission and excitation), normal, and resonance Raman spectroscopies associated with principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) were evaluated. The classification model using the complementary information on emission and excitation spectra, a.k.a. data fusion, provided a 100% correct classification for all markers. A comprehensive study has been developed to show that the insertion of luminescent markers enables not only the easy localization of GSR residues but also the possibility of ammunition encoding through the use of multivariate classification methods.

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Ammunition encoding by means of co-doped luminescent markers

Cited by 9 publications

References 32 publications

Micropatterning of Adhesive Epoxy with Embedded Colloidal Quantum Dots for Authentication and Tracing

Micropatterning of Adhesive Epoxy with Embedded Colloidal Quantum Dots for Authentication and Tracing

Luminescent Marker for GSR: Evaluation of the Acute Oral and Inhalation Toxicity of the MOF [Eu(DPA)(HDPA)]

Identification of Luminescent Markers for Gunshot Residues: Fluorescence, Raman Spectroscopy, and Chemometrics

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