Amniotic fluid testosterone and testosterone glucuronide levels in the determination of foetal sex

Perera, Doreen M.D.; Mcgarrigle, H. H. G.; Lawrence, Daphne M.; Lucas, Mary

doi:10.1016/0022-4731(87)90082-3

Cited by 17 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Even during the prenatal period, statistically significant sex differences have been reported in both the muscles of mastication and mandibular dimensions (Malinowski, 1971(Malinowski, , 1983. These findings may be explained by more recent endocrine studies confirming that there are periods of development, both prenatally and during the first year of life, that are characterized by the production of near-adult levels of sex hormones (Perera et al, 1987;Burger et al, 1991;Reinisch et al, 1991). At birth, sex differences are reflected not only in external genitalia, but also in greater muscle mass and higher average birth weights in males (Malina and Bouchard, 1991).…”

Section: Development Of Sexual Dimorphism In the Mandiblementioning

confidence: 76%

“…They state that the shape of the mandible is created by this sequential structural remodeling while the bone increases in size. Because mandibular growth begins in the alveolar region (Moss, 1960(Moss, , 1968Enlow and Harris, 1964;Malinowski 1983), its development could be influenced by the prenatal and first-year surge of sex hormones (Perera et al, 1987;Burger et al, 1991;Reinisch et al, 1991).…”

Section: Development Of Sexual Dimorphism In the Mandiblementioning

confidence: 99%

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Sexually dimorphic mandibular morphology in the first few years of life

Loth

Henneberg

2001

American J Phys Anthropol

148

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Sex differences in the youngest skeletons are very subtle, and any method that can separate males and females significantly better than chance will be of value. Compounding the problem is a paucity of immature skeletons of documented age and sex. In 1992, S.R.L. examined 62 juvenile mandibles of white and black South Africans of known age and sex (from birth to 19 years) from the Dart Collection to determine if the sexes could be differentiated by morphologic traits. By age 6 years, adult chin shapes were already recognizable. Prior to that age, differences were observed in the shape of the inferior border of the symphysis and outline of the body. The male chin base extends steeply downward relative to the adjacent body, coming to a point or squaring off at the symphysis. In females, the symphysis descends gradually to a more rounded base, and even when pointed, the transition is not abrupt. On the outer border of the corpus, the sides diverge sharply to form a \_/ shape from a roughly horizontal anterior region in males, while the female contour is rounded, reflecting the smoothly curved transition from front to sides. These traits were manifest from the eruption of the central incisors until about 4 years of age. The features were tested on all 19 Dart Collection mandibles in that age range. Average accuracy for three different testers was 81%, and males were consistently identified more accurately than females. This new method was then tested on a known sex sample of 11 individuals from 0 to 7 years of age. These included CT scans of 9 French children and the remains of 2 South African black forensic cases. Sexing accuracy was 82% (9/11). The only two missexed cases were both female and over age 6 years. In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that it is possible to determine the sex of very young mandibles. The new sexually dimorphic morphologic configurations introduced here have demonstrated repeatable discrimination with the highest level of accuracy (81%) reported and tested for this age group. Preliminary research indicates that both the male and female shapes are clearly recognizable in archaeologic and premodern hominids as well as chimpanzees.

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Section: Development Of Sexual Dimorphism In the Mandiblementioning

confidence: 76%

Section: Development Of Sexual Dimorphism In the Mandiblementioning

confidence: 99%

Sexually dimorphic mandibular morphology in the first few years of life

Loth

Henneberg

2001

American J Phys Anthropol

148

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“…This transient lack of overlap (and hence an unambiguous signal of fetal gender) may be genuine or an artifact due to small sample size. The latter explanation is supported by a much larger study (166 female and 185 male fetuses) of amniotic fluid collected between weeks 15-19 (T diffuses from the fetal circulation into the amniotic fluid via the skin at this stage of development), in which there was about 5% overlap (i.e., 5% of XX fetuses had higher T than some XY fetuses) in T concentration between male and female fetuses (Perera et al 1987). In a large study of rats, significantly higher circulating T in male compared to female fetuses occurred only between days 17-21 of gestation (Weisz and Ward 1980).…”

Section: Sex Hormone Differences Are Notmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…The androgen signaling pathway can be disrupted by natural variation in androgen levels about their mean value as well as environmentally introduced androgen agonists and antagonists. Studies demonstrating high natural variation in fetal T (e.g., Reyes et al 1974;Weisz and Ward 1980;Perera et al 1987), as well as the common occurrence of environmental androgen agonists and antagonists (Fang et al 2003), demonstrate that there is strong selection to canalize the androgen signaling pathway.…”

Section: Sex Hormone Differences Are Notmentioning

confidence: 99%

Homosexuality as a Consequence of Epigenetically Canalized Sexual Development

Rice

Friberg²,

Gavrilets³

2012

The Quarterly Review of Biology

116

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“…Why, for example, is there only 50-60% similarity in orientation of monozygotic twins when they share the same genetic material (see §4b)? It was also noted that even in rats [78] and humans [80,81] which are the best studied, there is during most if not all of the embryonic life some overlap between circulating concentrations of testosterone of males and females, even if males have on average higher concentrations. The sex difference in plasma testosterone concentration is thus an ambiguous signal that cannot by itself explain why there is essentially no overlap between male and female phenotypes.…”

Section: (C) Epigenetic Modulation Of Androgen Sensitivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex differences in partner preferences in humans and animals

Balthazart¹

2016

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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One contribution of 16 to a theme issue 'Multifaceted origins of sex differences in the brain'. A large number of morphological, physiological and behavioural traits are differentially expressed by males and females in all vertebrates including humans. These sex differences, sometimes, reflect the different hormonal environment of the adults, but they often remain present after subjects of both sexes are placed in the same endocrine conditions following gonadectomy associated or not with hormonal replacement therapy. They are then the result of combined influences of organizational actions of sex steroids acting early during development, or genetic differences between the sexes, or epigenetic mechanisms differentially affecting males and females. Sexual partner preference is a sexually differentiated behavioural trait that is clearly controlled in animals by the same type of mechanisms. This is also probably true in humans, even if critical experiments that would be needed to obtain scientific proof of this assertion are often impossible for pragmatic or ethical reasons. Clinical, epidemiological and correlative studies provide, however, converging evidence strongly suggesting, if not demonstrating, that endocrine, genetic and epigenetic mechanisms acting during the pre-or perinatal life control human sexual orientation, i.e. homosexuality versus heterosexuality. Whether they interact with postnatal psychosexual influences remains, however, unclear at present.

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Amniotic fluid testosterone and testosterone glucuronide levels in the determination of foetal sex

Cited by 17 publications

References 17 publications

Sexually dimorphic mandibular morphology in the first few years of life

Sexually dimorphic mandibular morphology in the first few years of life

Homosexuality as a Consequence of Epigenetically Canalized Sexual Development

Sex differences in partner preferences in humans and animals

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