Amorphous polyphosphate, a smart bioinspired nano-/bio-material for bone and cartilage regeneration: towards a new paradigm in tissue engineering

Abstract

Physiological amorphous polyphosphate nano/micro-particles, injectable and implantable, attract and stimulate MSCs into implants for tissue regeneration.

Utilization of metabolic energy in treatment of ocular surface disorders: polyphosphate as an energy source for corneal epithelial cell proliferation

“…In a recent study, we could propose that polyP has the potential to attract stem cells via an increased steady-stateexpression of the gene encoding the SDF-1 attracting chemokine. 8 Even more polyP has been found to provide a stem cell niche through transformation of the polymer to the coacervate state. 12 Also, in the corneal epithelial cell system a very signicant upregulation of the steady-state-expression of SDF-1 was measured.…”

“…by expression of a series of genes involved in anabolic cell metabolism. 8 Interestingly, the cornea is rich in ALP in all three cellular layers. [54][55][56][57]…”

“…5 In our group, we focused on the development of a new approach in regenerative medicine by applying a physiological inorganic polymer, present in all cells and also extracellularly, for the reconstitution and the support of damaged regions in the body with both somatic cells, such as broblasts, and adult stem cells, like mesenchymal stem cells (reviewed in: ref. [6][7][8]. It is the polyphosphate (polyP) that is a linear inorganic polymer consisting of orthophosphate linked by high-energy phosphoanhydride bonds (reviewed in: ref.…”

“…Exceptional is the property of this biopolymer to deliver high-energy phosphate both into the extracellular space to promote anabolic processes, like extracellular matrix synthesis, and into the cells; 10 reviewed in: ref. 8. Since the polymer can be fabricated as nano-/microparticles, 11 like present in the cells e.g.…”

Enamel Repair with Amorphous Ceramics

“…However, the inefficient mechanical recover and weak interfacial connection of bottom‐up repair with crystalline materials significantly compromised their capability to restore and protect teeth. Amorphous phases have recently been demonstrated to be a transient precursor in the biomineralization of many tissues, such as bones, nacres, and teeth, some of which could even be maintained after biomineralization. In adult tooth enamel, the amorphous phase remains as the intergranular phase between HA nanorods, which renders the enamel with excellent mechanical properties and resistance to acid attack.…”