Amount of subsidence during a late Holocene earthquake—evidence from fossil tidal marsh foraminifera at Vancouver Island, west coast of Canada

Guilbault, Jean-Pierre; Clague, John J.; Lapointe, Martine

doi:10.1016/0031-0182(94)00135-u

Cited by 86 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Alternatively, discriminant functions have been used to assign samples to zones that were also defined in a qualitative fashion (Jennings and Nelson, 1992). More recently, these approaches have been widely superseded by the use of transfer functions (Guilbault et al, 1995;Horton et al, 2000;Edwards and Horton, 2006;Massey et al, 2006;Gehrels et al, 2008;Leorri et al, 2008;Woodroffe, 2009). Transfer functions are empirically derived equations for producing quantitative estimates of past environmental conditions from paleontological data (Sachs et al, 1977).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative vertical zonation of salt-marsh foraminifera for reconstructing former sea level; an example from New Jersey, USA.

Kemp

Horton

Vann

et al. 2012

Quaternary Science Reviews

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We present an objective and quantitative technique to reconstruct former sea level from assemblages of salt-marsh foraminifera using partitioning around medoids (PAM) cluster analysis and linear discriminant functions. Three salt marshes, representing different physiographic environments in southern New Jersey, were selected for describing the modern distribution of foraminifera from 56 surface samples. PAM estimated the number and composition of assemblages present at each site and showed that foraminifera adhered to the concept of elevation-dependent ecological zones, making them appropriate sea-level indicators.This approach has several advantages in comparison to hierarchical clustering. Application of PAM to a regional dataset generated by combining all samples identified the presence of five distinctive biozones occupying defined elevation ranges. The characteristics of these biozones were similar to those identified elsewhere on the mid-Atlantic coast of the USA. Classification of each of the 56 samples as belonging to one of the five biozones enabled us to develop linear discriminant functions, which confirmed their distinctiveness. These functions can estimate the probability that assemblages of foraminifera preserved in samples of salt-marsh sediment represent one of the five modern biozones. Recognition of these biozones in sequences of salt-marsh sediment provides a means to reconstruct sea level. We collected a 4.0 m core from Leeds Point, New Jersey to investigate the practical application of this approach to reconstructing former sea level. The linear discriminant functions were used to indicate the faunal origin of 32 core samples and in cross validation tests were accurate in 54 of 56 cases.The approach described can be used as an independent means to reconstruct sea level or to check the ecological plausibility of results from other techniques including transfer functions.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative vertical zonation of salt-marsh foraminifera for reconstructing former sea level; an example from New Jersey, USA.

Kemp

Horton

Vann

et al. 2012

Quaternary Science Reviews

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“…Interpretation of changes in microfossil assemblages before or after dated index points comprised qualitative assessments of the trend, or tendency, of change, in terms of increasing or decreasing marine influence (Shennan, 1982(Shennan, , 1986). While this sealevel tendency approach introduced a hypothesis-testing route applicable to studies of both seismic and non-seismic relative sea-level change (Long and Shennan, 1993, 1994, 1998, numerical techniques started to appear in sea-level studies Guilbault et al, 1996;Guilbault et al, 1995;Horton et al, 1999;Shennan et al, 1996;Zong and Horton, 1999), much later than in some other fields (Imbrie and Kipp, 1971). …”

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Detection limits of tidal-wetland sequences to identify variable rupture modes of megathrust earthquakes

Shennan

Garrett

Barlow

2016

Quaternary Science Reviews

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Use policyThe full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that:• a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in DRO • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders.Please consult the full DRO policy for further details. earthquakes. We conclude that coastal paleoseismological studies benefit from a methodological framework that employs rigorous evaluation of five essential criteria and a sixth which may be very robust but only occur at some sites: 1 -lateral extent of peat-mud or mud-peat couplets with sharp contacts; 2 -suddenness of submergence or emergence, and replicated within each site; 3 -amount of vertical motion, quantified with 95% error terms and replicated within each site; 4 -syncroneity of submergence and emergence based on statistical age modelling; 5 -spatial pattern of submergence and emergence; 6 -possible additional evidence, such as evidence of a tsunami or liquefaction concurrent with submergence or emergence. We suggest that it is possible to consider detection limits as low as 0.1 to 0.2 m coseismic vertical change. Introduction and structure of the paperCoastal paleoseismology provides critical information that helps to improve understanding and modelling of seismic hazards, including associated tsunami, at all major subduction zones. Key contributions to practical earthquake hazard assessment include the identification of great (magnitude 8 or 9) earthquakes during the Holocene where there is no historical record (Atwater, 1987); earthquakes of substantially greater magnitude than directly observed (Minoura et al., 2001;Sawai et al., 2008); estimating recurrence intervals of great earthquakes (Atwater and HemphillHaley, 1997;Nelson et al., 1995); and defining different patterns of rupture along a subduction zone (Cisternas et al., 2005;Kelsey et al., 2002;Nelson et al., 2006;Sawai et al., 2004). Since publication of the seminal paper (Atwater, 1987), and widespread adoption of well-tested field and analytical methods (e.g. Atwater and Hemphill-Haley, 1997;Hayward et al., 2006;Kelsey, 2015;Nelson, 2015;Nelson et al., 1996;Witter, 2015) debate moved on to questions critical for hazard assessment, emergency planning and international building code design (Mueller et al., 2015;Wesson et al., 2007). Key questions include the extent of past great earthquake ruptures (a proxy for magnitude), the identification of the boundaries between rupture segments, the persistence of these boundaries over multiple earthquake cycles, recurrence intervals of great earthquakes in each segment, the role of aseismic slip, and whether segments of plate boundaries that are currently creeping can generate great earthquakes Goldfinger et al., 2012;Hayward et al., 2015;Kelsey et al., 2015;Mueller...

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“…Guilbault et al (1995) were the first to use the term 'transfer function' in relationship to RSL change recorded in coastal marshes. They use 19 surface samples across a marsh and tidal flat on Vancouver Island to reconstruct RSL changes from an adjacent Holocene sediment sequence, comparing their visual examination method with the same statistical methods originally developed by Imbrie and Kipp (1971).…”

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confidence: 99%

Salt marshes as late Holocene tide gauges

Barlow

Shennan

Long

et al. 2013

Global and Planetary Change

107

101

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. (2013) 'Salt marshes as late Holocene tide gauges. ', Global and planetary change.,[106][107][108][109][110] Further information on publisher's website:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2013.03.003Publisher's copyright statement: NOTICE: this is the author's version of a work that was accepted for publication in Global and planetary change. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. A denitive version was subsequently published in Global and planetary change, 106, 2013Global and planetary change, 106, , 10.1016Global and planetary change, 106, /j.gloplacha.2013 Additional information:The north west Scotland modern diatom dataset presented in the paper is available for download from: http://www.dur.ac.uk/geography/qec/researchgroups/slru/sea l evel d ata/ Use policyThe full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that:• a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in DRO • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders.Please consult the full DRO policy for further details. Keywords:Relative sea-level change; salt marsh; transfer function; diatoms; foraminifera; reconstruction; trends; Holocene; errors 2 AbstractUnderstanding late Holocene to present relative sea-level changes at centennial or sub-centennial scales requires geological records that dovetail with the instrumental era. Salt marsh sediments are one of the most reliable geological tide gauges.In this paper we review the methodological and technical advances that promoted research on 'high resolution' late Holocene sea-level change. We work through an example to demonstrate different pathways to quantitative reconstructions of relative sea level based on salt marsh sediments. We demonstrate that any reconstruction is in part a result of the environment from which the record is taken, the modern dataset used to calibrate the fossil changes, statistical assumptions behind calibrating microfossil assemblages and choices made by the researchers. With the error term of typical transfer function models ~10-15% of the tidal range, micro-tidal environments should produce the most precise sea-level reconstructions. Sampled elevation range of the modern dataset also has a strong influence on model predictive ability. Model-specific errors may under represent total uncertainty which comes from field practices, sedimentary environment, palaeo-tidal changes and sediment compaction as well as statistical uncertainties. Geological tide gauges require a detailed chronology but we must be certain that apparent relative s...

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Amount of subsidence during a late Holocene earthquake—evidence from fossil tidal marsh foraminifera at Vancouver Island, west coast of Canada

Cited by 86 publications

References 33 publications

Quantitative vertical zonation of salt-marsh foraminifera for reconstructing former sea level; an example from New Jersey, USA.

Quantitative vertical zonation of salt-marsh foraminifera for reconstructing former sea level; an example from New Jersey, USA.

Detection limits of tidal-wetland sequences to identify variable rupture modes of megathrust earthquakes

Salt marshes as late Holocene tide gauges

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