Amoxycillin: distribution and clinical efficacy in calves

Palmer, G.H.; Rj, Bywater; Francis, ME

doi:10.1136/vr.100.23.487

Cited by 16 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 0 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Enterotoxigenic E coli diarrhea was experimentally induced in 40 calves 5-10 days old, and treatment was administered immediately after diarrhea was detected. 45 The mortality rate was significantly (P Ͻ .05) lower in calves administered amoxicillin trihydrate in milk replacer (at ϳ10 mg/kg PO q12h for 4 days; 1/20 ϭ 5%) than in untreated control calves (6/20 ϭ 30%). The duration of diarrhea was significantly (P Ͻ .01) shorter in calves administered amoxicillin (3.9 Ϯ 0.1 days) than in untreated control calves (5.7 Ϯ 0.2 days).…”

Section: Success Of Antimicrobial Therapymentioning

confidence: 92%

Antimicrobial Use in the Treatment of Calf Diarrhea

Constable

2004

Veterinary Internal Medicne

135

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Calves with diarrhea often have small intestinal overgrowth with Escherichia coli bacteria, regardless of the inciting cause for the diarrhea, and 30% of systemically ill calves with diarrhea have bacteremia, predominantly because of E coli. Antimicrobial treatment of diarrheic calves should therefore be focused against E coli in the small intestine and blood, the 2 sites of infection. Fecal bacterial culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing is not recommended in calves with diarrhea because fecal bacterial populations do not accurately reflect small intestinal or blood bacterial populations and because the break points for susceptibility test results have not been validated. Antimicrobial efficacy is therefore best evaluated by the clinical response of a number of calves to treatment, with calves randomly assigned to treatment groups. Amoxicillin, chlortetracycline, neomycin, oxytetracycline, streptomycin, sulfachloropyridazine, sulfamethazine, and tetracycline administered PO are currently labeled in the United States for the treatment of calf diarrhea. On the basis of published evidence for the oral administration of these antimicrobial agents, only amoxicillin can be recommended for the treatment of diarrhea. Dosage recommendations are amoxicillin trihydrate (10 mg/kg PO q12h) or amoxicillin trihydrate-clavulanate potassium (12.5 mg combined drug/kg PO q12h) for at least 3 days; the latter constitutes extra-label drug use. Parenteral administration of broad-spectrum beta-lactam antimicrobials--ceftiofur (2.2 mg/kg IM or SC q12h) and amoxicillin or ampicillin (10 mg/kg IM q12h)--or potentiated sulfonamides (25 mg/kg IV or IM q24h) is recommended for treating calves with diarrhea and systemic illness; both constitute extra-label drug use. In calves with diarrhea and no systemic illness (normal appetite for milk, no fever), it is recommended that the health of the calf be monitored and that oral or parenteral antimicrobials not be administered.

show abstract

Section: Success Of Antimicrobial Therapymentioning

confidence: 92%

Antimicrobial Use in the Treatment of Calf Diarrhea

Constable

2004

Veterinary Internal Medicne

135

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The clinical efficacy of oral amoxycillin in enteric infections in calves was assessed in experimental challenge investigations (Palmer & Bywater, 1977;Yeoman, 1977b) and in field trials (Vaugham, 1977;Keefe, 1977). Kesults of treatments of experimental Salmonella dublin infection in the calf with amoxycillin have been described (Osborne, Nazer & Shimeld, 1978) and in the majority of animals a rapid response occurred when the drug was administered parenterally and a moderate response when the oral route was used.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elevation and prolongation of serum ampicillin and amoxycillin concentrations in calves by the concomitant administration of probenecid

Gil

Horsey

1979

Vet Pharm & Therapeutics

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The effects of probenecid on serum ampicillin and amoxycillin concentrations were investigated in 1–5 week old calves after oral and parenteral drug administration. Ampicillin trihydrate was administered orally at 250mg/calf, after an overnight fast, alone and with 1.5g probenecid. Peak serum ampicillin concentrations were elevated from 0.60 to 1.22 μg/ml by the co‐administration of probenecid. In calves given 0.5 g amoxycillin trihydrate with the milk replacer, peak serum drug concentration increased from 1.74 to 3.16 μg/ml when 1.5 g probenecid was given too. Maximal effect of probenecid administered orally was with the 1.5 g/calf dose with considerably lesser increase in peak serum amoxycillin being observed with doses of 0.5 g, 1 g and 2 g/calf. After parenteral injection of probenecid solution at 1 g and 2 g/calf serum ampicillin concentrations peaked at more than twice the concentrations measured after equal doses of the two antibiotics were injected alone. The co‐administration of 2 g probenecid and 1 g sodium ampicillin or 0.5 g sodium amoxycillin parenterally resulted in peak antibiotic concentrations considered to be effective against some of the more resistant pathogenic Gram‐negative bacteria associated with diseases in calves and serum antibiotic concentrations 5 μg/ml were maintained during 5–6 h as opposed to 2–3 h after the antibiotics were injected alone. Oral administration of 1.5 g probenecid at three consecutive milk feeding times did not alter serum urea or serum creatinine concentrations.

show abstract

“…As none of the approved drugs for treating diarrhea in the United States are likely to be effective, extralabel use is likely justified. Some efficacy has been described for oral amoxicillin in the treatment of calves with experimentally induced diarrhea, 16,32 but was not effective in the treatment of naturally acquired diarrhea in beef calves. 33 Amoxicillin trihydrate (10 mg/kg administered orally every 12 h) or amoxicillin trihydrate-clavulanate (12.5 mg combined drug/kg administered orally every 12 h) for at least 3 days is one antimicrobial approach that likely has some efficacy for calves with diarrhea.…”

Section: Which Antibiotics Should Be Used In Calves With Diarrheamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…34 High amoxicillin concentrations are found in bile and intestinal contents after oral administration, with lower concentrations in serum. 32 Oral ampicillin could also be used, and its efficacy in one study was shown to be equivalent to that of amoxicillin. 35 Although very popular in the United States, oral sulfonamides cannot be recommended for treating calves with diarrhea because of the lack of efficacy studies.…”

Section: Which Antibiotics Should Be Used In Calves With Diarrheamentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial Decision Making for Enteric Diseases of Cattle

Smith

2015

Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Diarrhea in neonatal and adult cattle is common and can be caused by several etiologic agents. As diagnostic testing is not always readily available, practitioners must often decide on a course of treatment based on knowledge of the likely pathogen and their own clinical experience. Antimicrobials have long been used to treat diarrhea in adults and neonates; however, there is increased pressure to prevent unnecessary use of antibiotics in food animal species. This article reviews existing data on the use of antibiotics given to cattle with enteric diseases to decide when they are necessary and which antimicrobials should be used.

show abstract

Amoxycillin: distribution and clinical efficacy in calves

Cited by 16 publications

References 0 publications

Antimicrobial Use in the Treatment of Calf Diarrhea

Antimicrobial Use in the Treatment of Calf Diarrhea

Elevation and prolongation of serum ampicillin and amoxycillin concentrations in calves by the concomitant administration of probenecid

Antimicrobial Decision Making for Enteric Diseases of Cattle

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About