<i>Cryptosporidium</i> spp., <i>Giardia intestinalis</i>, and <i>Enterocytozoon bieneusi</i> in Captive Non-Human Primates in Qinling Mountains

Abstract

Non-human primates (NHPs) are confirmed as reservoirs of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia intestinalis, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi. In this study, 197 fresh fecal samples from 8 NHP species in Qinling Mountains, northwestern China, were collected and examined using multilocus sequence typing (MLST) method. The results showed that 35 (17.8%) samples were positive for tested parasites, including Cryptosporidium spp. (3.0%), G. intestinalis (2.0%), and E. bieneusi (12.7%). Cryptosporidium spp. were detected in 6 fecal samples of Macaca mulatta, and were identified as C. parvum (n=1) and C. andersoni (n=5). Subtyping analysis showed Cryptosporidium spp. belonged to the C. andersoni MLST subtype (A4, A4, A4, and A1) and C. parvum 60 kDa glycoprotein (gp60) subtype IId A15G2R1. G. intestinalis assemblage E was detected in 3 M. mulatta and 1 Saimiri sciureus. Intra-variations were observed at the triose phosphate isomerase (tpi), beta giardin (bg), and glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) loci, with 3, 1, and 2 new subtypes found in respective locus. E. bieneusi was found in Cercopithecus neglectus (25.0%), Papio hamadrayas (16.7%), M. mulatta (16.3%), S. sciureus (10%), and Rhinopithecus roxellana (9.5%), with 5 ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) genotypes: 2 known genotypes (D and BEB6) and 3 novel genotypes (MH, XH, and BSH). These findings indicated the presence of zoonotic potential of Cryptosporidium spp. and E. bieneusi in NHPs in Qinling Mountains. This is the first report of C. andersoni in NHPs. The present study provided basic information for control of cryptosporidiosis, giardiasis, and microsporidiosis in human and animals in this area.

Occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp. in wild animals living in the Cascavel city park, Paraná, Brazil

“…Out of the total of 31 analyzed stool samples, 18 (58.06%) were positive, results much higher than those found by other authors in different parts of the world, ranging from 0.5 to 27% (SAK et al, 2013;. SALYER et al, 2012;PARSONS et al, 2015;EKANAYAKE et al, 2006). These authors claim that environmental changes caused by man and the use of these means by humans and animals provide a transmission of parasitic infection between wild and domestic animals and man.…”

“…Table 1 summarizes results found for mammals. Out of the 118 analyzed samples from enclosures, 58 (49.15%) were positive for Cryptosporidium spp., that makes a high percentage when compared to other studies that investigated the presence of this parasite in several species of wild mammals, such as primates, sika deer, panda, wild boar, which found a positivity percentage of 3; 1.6; 15.6; 5.4 respectively (DU et al, 2015;WANG et al, 2008ATWILL et al, 1997).…”

Giardia duodenalisin primates: Classification and host specificity based on phylogenetic analysis of sequence data

“…Assemblage E is generally considered to infect only ungulates; however, Assemblage E infection in humans (Abdel‐Moein & Saeed, ; Fantinatti, Bello, Fernandes, & Da‐Cruz, ) and also in NHP (Du et al., ; Johnston et al., ) has recently been reported. The Assemblage E isolates included in our analyses, excluding the reference isolate, represent four different isolates sequenced at all four gene loci, and were collected directly from the rectum of each NHP host, which indicates that contamination or misidentification are unlikely (Du et al., ). However, as they are all derived from one study at a single location, these results may reflect a particular and unusual set of circumstances.…”

Public health significance of zoonotic Cryptosporidium species in wildlife: Critical insights into better drinking water management

“…), Mice ( Mus sp. ), Greater bilblies ( Macroties lagotis ), Girrafes house mice ( Mus musculus ), Eastern grey squirrel ( Sciurus carolinensis ), Golden hamster ( Mesocricetus auratus ), Rock hyrax ( Procavia capensis ), Large footed mouse-eared bat ( Myotis adversus ), Japanese field mouse ( Apodemus argenteus ), Bilbies ( Macrotis lagotis ), Bank voles ( Clethrionomys glareolus ), Campbell hamster ( Phodopus campbelli ), Siberian hamster ( Phodopus sungorus ), Golden hamster ( Mesocricetus auratus ), Mountain goats ( Oreamnos americanus ), Cynomolgus monkeys ( Macaca fascicularis ), East African mole rat ( Tachyoryctes splendens ), Ringed seal ( Pusa hispida ), Donkey ( Giraffa camelopardalis ), Ringed seal ( Phoca hispida ), Large Japanese field mouse ( Apodemus speciosus ), Cynomolgus monkey ( Macaca fascicularis ), Slow loris ( Nycticebus coucang ), Ostriches ( Struthio camelus ), Mountain gorillas ( Gorilla beringei beringei ), Asian house rat ( Rattus tanezumi ), Brown rat ( Rattus norvegicus ), House mouse ( Mus musculus )Numerous reports in humansChalmers et al., 1997, Hurkova et al., 2003Dubey et al., 2002, Morgan et al., 1999a, Xiao et al., 2002a, Xiao et al., 2004b, Warren et al., 2003, Nakai et al., 2004, Hikosaka and Nakai, 2005, Santín et al., 2005, Azami et al., 2007, Brikan et al., 2008, Kváč et al., 2008, Lupo et al., 2008, Lv et al., 2009, Kodádková et al., 2010, Feng, 2010, Murakoshi et al., 2013, Yang et al., 2011, Yang et al, 2013; Ng-Hublin et al., 2013, Karim et al., 2014, Qi et al., 2014, Sak et al., 2014, Du et al., 2015, Laatamna et al., 2015, Petrincová et al, 2015, Zhao et al., 2015b C. andersoni Bacterian camel ( Camelus bactrianus ), European wisent ( Bison bonasus ), Marmots Campbell hamster ( Phodopus campbelli ), Golden hamster ( Mesocricetus auratus ), Golden takins ( Budorcas taxicolor bedfordi ), Giant panda ( Ailuropoda melanoleuca ), Macaca mulatta ( Rhesus macaque ), American mink ( Mustela vison )Minor–Matsubayashi et al., 2005, Wang et al., 2008, Lv et al., 2009, Stuart et al., 2013, Du et al., 2015, Wang et al., 2015, Zhao et al., 2015a C. felis Rhesus macaques ( Macaca mulatta ); Pallas's cat ( Felis Manul )Numerous reports in humans–Lucio-Forster et al., 2010, Ye et al., 2012, Bes...…”