&amp;lt;i&amp;gt;In Vitro&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; Screening of Endophytic &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Trichoderma&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; sp. Isolated from Oil Palm in FGV Plantation against &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Ganoderma boninense&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;

Plant-associated microbes play crucial roles in plant health and promote growth under stress. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is one of the strategic crops grown throughout Egypt and is a widely grown vegetable worldwide. However, plant disease severely affects tomato production. The post-harvest disease (Fusarium wilt disease) affects food security globally, especially in the tomato fields. Thus, an alternative effective and economical biological treatment to the disease was recently established using Trichoderma asperellum. However, the role of rhizosphere microbiota in the resistance of tomato plants against soil-borne Fusarium wilt disease (FWD) remains unclear. In the current study, a dual culture assay of T. asperellum against various phytopathogens (e.g., Fusarium oxysporum, F. solani, Alternaria alternata, Rhizoctonia solani, and F. graminerarum) was performed in vitro. Interestingly, T. asperellum exhibited the highest mycelial inhibition rate (53.24%) against F. oxysporum. In addition, 30% free cell filtrate of T. asperellum inhibited F. oxysporum by 59.39%. Various underlying mechanisms were studied to explore the antifungal activity against F. oxysporum, such as chitinase activity, analysis of bioactive compounds by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), and assessment of fungal secondary metabolites against F. oxysporum mycotoxins in tomato fruits. Additionally, the plant growth-promoting traits of T. asperellum were studied (e.g., IAA production, Phosphate solubilization), and the impact on tomato seeds germination. Scanning electron microscopy, plant root sections, and confocal microscopy were used to show the mobility of the fungal endophyte activity to promote tomato root growth compared with untreated tomato root. T. asperellum enhanced the growth of tomato seeds and controlled the wilt disease caused by the phytopathogen F. oxysporum by enhancing the number of leaves as well as shoot and root length (cm) and fresh and dry weights (g). Furthermore, Trichoderma extract protects tomato fruits from post-harvest infection by F. oxysporum. Taking together, T. asperellum represents a safe and effective controlling agent against Fusarium infection of tomato plants.

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“…where R 1 = radial growth of the phytopathogen in the control plate; R 2 = radial growth in the presence of an antagonist ( Fishal et al, 2022 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trichoderma asperellum empowers tomato plants and suppresses Fusarium oxysporum through priming responses

et al. 2023

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“…Trichoderma asperellum shows high potential as a biocontrol agent against Ganoderma species, effectively inhibiting their mycelial growth [ 274 ]. Endophytic Trichoderma isolates, particularly T. asperellum M103 and T. harzianum M108, show strong potential as biocontrol agents against G. boninense , offering promising options for managing BSR disease in oil palm cultivation [ 275 ]. Potential soil microbial antagonists, Trichoderma harzianum (AC2) and Burkholderia gladioli (N1), have been identified for BSR control in oil palm [ 276 ].…”

Section: Research On Disease Management Strategies To Control Basal S...mentioning

confidence: 99%

An In-Depth Study of Phytopathogenic Ganoderma: Pathogenicity, Advanced Detection Techniques, Control Strategies, and Sustainable Management

Karunarathna,

Patabendige,

et al. 2024

JoF

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Phytopathogenic Ganoderma species pose a significant threat to global plant health, resulting in estimated annual economic losses exceeding USD (US Dollars) 68 billion in the agriculture and forestry sectors worldwide. To combat this pervasive menace effectively, a comprehensive understanding of the biology, ecology, and plant infection mechanisms of these pathogens is imperative. This comprehensive review critically examines various aspects of Ganoderma spp., including their intricate life cycle, their disease mechanisms, and the multifaceted environmental factors influencing their spread. Recent studies have quantified the economic impact of Ganoderma infections, revealing staggering yield losses ranging from 20% to 80% across various crops. In particular, oil palm plantations suffer devastating losses, with an estimated annual reduction in yield exceeding 50 million metric tons. Moreover, this review elucidates the dynamic interactions between Ganoderma and host plants, delineating the pathogen’s colonization strategies and its elicitation of intricate plant defense responses. This comprehensive analysis underscores the imperative for adopting an integrated approach to Ganoderma disease management. By synergistically harnessing cultural practices, biological control, and chemical treatments and by deploying resistant plant varieties, substantial strides can be made in mitigating Ganoderma infestations. Furthermore, a collaborative effort involving scientists, breeders, and growers is paramount in the development and implementation of sustainable strategies against this pernicious plant pathogen. Through rigorous scientific inquiry and evidence-based practices, we can strive towards safeguarding global plant health and mitigating the dire economic consequences inflicted by Ganoderma infections.

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“…Each experiment was performed three times. The phytopathogens' radial growth in the control and treatment plates was assessed after six days of incubation at 28 • C, and the percentage of inhibition of radial mycelial growth (PIRG) was determined using the following formula: PIRG % = (R1 − R2)/R1 × 100 where R1 = radial growth of the phytopathogen in the control plate; R2 = radial growth of the phytopathogen when an antagonist is present [72]. Enzyme assay experiments were performed in the Central Labs Unit of Research National Center, Egypt.…”

Section: Collection Of Wild Plants Identification and Extractionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polyphenols-Rich Extract of Calotropis procera Alone and in Combination with Trichoderma Culture Filtrate for Biocontrol of Cantaloupe Wilt and Root Rot Fungi

Nofal,

Hamouda,

Rizk

et al. 2023

Molecules

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Fungal diseases have always been a major problem for cantaloupe crops; however, synthetic fungicides are hazardous to humans and the environment. Consequently, a feasible alternative to fungicides without side effects could be by using bio agents and naturally occurring plants with antibacterial potential. This study has achieved a novel procedure for managing wilt and root rot diseases by potentially using Trichoderma sp. culture filtrates in consortium with plant extract of Calotropis procera, Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium oxysporum, and Pythium ultimum, which were isolated from infected cantaloupe roots with identified root rot symptoms. The antagonistic activity of four Trichoderma isolates and analysis of antibiotics and filtrate enzymes of the most active Trichoderma isolate were determined as well as phytochemical analysis of C. procera plant extract using HPLC-UV. The obtained results showed that all Trichoderma isolates considerably lowered the radial growth of P. ultimum, R. solani, and F. oxysporum in varying degrees. The scanning electron micrographs illustrate the mycoparasitic nature of Trichoderma sp. on F. oxysporum. The phytochemical analysis of C. procera indicated that phenolic contents were the major compounds found in extracts, such as vanillin (46.79%), chlorogenic acid (30.24%), gallic acid (8.06%), and daidzein (3.45%) but including only a low amount of the flavonoid compounds rutin, naringenin, and hesperetin. The Pot experiment’s findings showed that cantaloupe was best protected against wilting and root rot diseases when it was treated with both Trichoderma sp. culture filtrates (10%) and C. procera extract of (15 mg/mL), both alone and in combination. This study demonstrates that the application of bio agent Trichoderma spp. filtrate with C. procera phenol extract appears useful for controlling wilting and root rot disease in cantaloupe. This innovative approach could be used as an alternative to chemical fungicide for the control of wilting and rot root diseases.

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<i>In Vitro</i> Screening of Endophytic <i>Trichoderma</i> sp. Isolated from Oil Palm in FGV Plantation against <i>Ganoderma boninense</i>

Cited by 5 publications

References 29 publications

Trichoderma asperellum empowers tomato plants and suppresses Fusarium oxysporum through priming responses

Trichoderma asperellum empowers tomato plants and suppresses Fusarium oxysporum through priming responses

An In-Depth Study of Phytopathogenic Ganoderma: Pathogenicity, Advanced Detection Techniques, Control Strategies, and Sustainable Management

Polyphenols-Rich Extract of Calotropis procera Alone and in Combination with Trichoderma Culture Filtrate for Biocontrol of Cantaloupe Wilt and Root Rot Fungi

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