&amp;lt;italic&amp;gt;In situ&amp;lt;/italic&amp;gt; temperature measurement of shallow lunar soil on the far side of the Moon based on Chang&amp;rsquo;e-4 Mission

SUN, ZeZhou; Zhang, Youwei; Chen, Xiangdong; Lei, Ying-Jun; Zhang, He; Wu, Xueying; Li, Xinli; Li, Fēi; He, Rongwei

doi:10.1360/sst-2021-0451

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…We therefore set the working time of the array to include the whole lunar night, and part of the day (≤25°C), which is about 62% of a lunar day. In figure 9, we show the evolution of the lunar surface temperature as measured by the Chang'e-4 lander at 177.6° E and 45.5° S [33], and the operating time for the above condition is marked by green colour (shade in black-white), though of course for a different site there will be some differences. During the rest of the lunar day time (≥25°C), the array enters the standby mode, and only the data transfer, TT & C, computation and thermal control of the master station consume energy.…”

Section: Design Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Large-scale array for radio astronomy on the farside (LARAF)

Chen,

Gao,

et al. 2024

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A.

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At the Royal Society meeting in 2023, we have mainly presented our lunar orbit array concept called DSL, and also briefly introduced a concept of a lunar surface array, LARAF. As the DSL concept had been presented before, in this article, we introduce the LARAF. We propose to build an array in the far side of the Moon, with a master station which handles the data collection and processing, and 20 stations with maximum baseline of 10 km. Each station consists of 12 membrane antenna units, and the stations are connected to the master station by power line and optical fibre. The array will make interferometric observation in the 0.1–50 MHz band during the lunar night, powered by regenerated fuel cells. The whole array can be carried to the lunar surface with a heavy rocket mission, and deployed with a rover in eight months. Such an array would be an important step in the long-term development of lunar-based ultralong wavelength radio astronomy. It has a sufficiently high sensitivity to observe many radio sources in the sky, though still short of the dark age fluctuations. We discuss the possible options in the power supply, data communication, deployment etc. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Astronomy from the Moon: the next decades (part 2)'.

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Section: Design Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Large-scale array for radio astronomy on the farside (LARAF)

Chen,

Gao,

et al. 2024

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A.

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“…2 a). The temperature data exhibits abrupt drops or localized fluctuations, mainly influenced by the shadow cast by the antenna on the lander [15]. The CE-4 temperature data used in this study were obtained from February 27 to March 28, 2019 , which corresponding to a diurnal cycle at local time of the Moon, with a temperature variation range of 116.05-367.20 K. Taking into account the terrain's shading effect on sunlight [25], the lunar surface temperature in the CE-4 landing area was calculated.…”

Section: B In-situ Measurement Of Physical Temperaturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…For instance, the Microwave Radiometer (MRM) on the Chang'E-1 (CE-1) [5], [6] and Chang'E-2 (CE-2) satellites [7], [8], as well as the Diviner onboard Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) [9], [10], [11], have remotely sensed the brightness temperature of the lunar surface and the optical and thermophysical properties of the lunar regolith. Direct in-situ measurements of the thermophysical and optical properties of lunar regolith and rocks, as well as lunar surface temperature, were conducted by Apollo 15 [12], [13], Apollo 17 [14], and the CE-4 mission [15]. Numerical analysis has been extensively employed for studies on the global lunar surface temperature [16], [17], the effects on lunar surface temperature from solar and Earth radiation and lunar heat flow [18], the thermal stability of water ice deposits in permanently shadowed regions [19], global heat flow [20], and geological interpretations [21].…”

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In Situ Measurements of Thermal Environment on the Moon's Surface Revealed by the Chang'E-4 And Chang'E-5 Missions

Liu,

Huang

2024

IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Observations Remote Sensing

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The thermal environment of the lunar surface is 1 of crucial importance for the lander thermal design and the 2 interpretation of scientific data. Clarifying the radiative sources 3 and intensity on the outer surface of the lander is one of 4 the key aspects of lander thermal design. The installation of 5 temperature sensors on the body of the Chang'e-4 (CE-4) and 6 Chang'e-5 (CE-5) landers has provided valuable opportunities 7 for quantifying the influence of lunar thermal conditions on the 8 surface temperature of the lander. In this study, we established 9 a temperature model for the near-surface regolith and a heat 10 transfer model based on the observations from sensors installed 11 on the body of the lander and auxiliary pillars. By integrating 12 factors such as the density of the lunar regolith, the thermal 13 conductivity of the lunar regolith, and the relative positions of 14 the temperature measurement points to the Earth and the Sun, 15 we conducted analyses on the temperature measurement data 16 for both CE-4 and CE-5, respectively. Our results indicate that 17 during the daytime of the Moon, the temperature of the lander's 18 surface is mainly influenced by solar radiation and the infrared 19 thermal radiation from the lunar surface. During the nighttime 20 of the Moon, the heat transferred outward from the inside of 21 the lander plays a key role in the temperature of the outer 22 surface of the lander. The lunar surface thermal environment 23 significantly affects the temperatures of both the shaded and 24 sunny sides of the lander, with its influence on the shaded side 25 even surpassing that on the sunny side. The lunar surface's 26 thermal environment directly impacts the stability and reliability 27 of the electronic components within scientific payloads. Our 28 results offer dependable lunar thermal environment parameters 29 for the design of scientific instruments on future lunar landers 30 and the deployment of instruments in their designated positions.

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Thermophysical properties of the regolith on the lunar far side revealed by the in situ temperature probing of the Chang’E-4 mission

Xiao

Huang

et al. 2022

National Science Review

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Temperature probes onboard the Chang’E-4 (CE-4) spacecraft provide the first in situ regolith temperature measurements from the far side of the Moon. We present these temperature measurements with a customized thermal model and reveal the particle size of the lunar regolith at the CE-4 landing site to be ∼15 μm on average over depth, which indicates an immature regolith below the surface. In addition, the conductive component of thermal conductivity is measured as ∼1.53 × 10–3 W m–1 K–1 on the surface and ∼8.48 × 10–3 W m–1 K–1 at 1-m depth. The average bulk density is ∼471 kg m–3 on the surface and ∼824 kg m–3 in the upper 30 cm of lunar regolith. These thermophysical properties provide important additional ‘ground truth’ at the lunar farside, which is critical for the future analysis and interpretation of global temperature observations.

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<italic>In situ</italic> temperature measurement of shallow lunar soil on the far side of the Moon based on Chang’e-4 Mission

Cited by 4 publications

References 2 publications

Large-scale array for radio astronomy on the farside (LARAF)

Large-scale array for radio astronomy on the farside (LARAF)

In Situ Measurements of Thermal Environment on the Moon's Surface Revealed by the Chang'E-4 And Chang'E-5 Missions

Thermophysical properties of the regolith on the lunar far side revealed by the in situ temperature probing of the Chang’E-4 mission

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