Amperometric electrode for determination of urea using electrodeposited rhodium and immobilized urease

Ultrathin nickel-metal–organic framework nanobelt based electrochemical sensor for the determination of urea in human body fluids

“…The reason why the oxidation potential moves in the positive direction may be due to the extraordinary sorption to urea at the position of Ni(III). 27 Meanwhile, we can also observe that the peak signal response ratios (I pc /I pa ) between the cathode and the anode are explicitly departed from 1, and the peak potential discrepancy (DE p ) is larger than 0.059/n, manifesting the quasi-reversibility of the redox reaction.…”

Mediator-free microfluidics biosensor based on titania–zirconia nanocomposite for urea detection

“…[10][11][12] The estimation of urea is important for clinical analysis, since increased urea level in blood and urine causes various kidney diseases. [13][14][15] We report results of the studies relating to development of mediator-less microfluidics device based on TiO 2 -ZrO 2 nanocomposite for urea detection. It is found that presence of this binary oxide facilitates direct electron transfer between active sites of the enzymes to the electrode.…”

Improved Sensing Performance of Amperometric Urea Biosensor by Using Platinum Nanoparticles

“…Electrochemical sensing of urea become especially convenient since the ionic products are formed [31]. In amperometric detection, rapid production and electrooxidation of NH 4 + ions on electrode surface determines the strength of the signal [32]. Even though, the enzymatic product NH 4 + ions have poor electroactivity, NH 4 + ions can be oxidized with a second enzyme or metallic catalysts incorporated to surface of the electrodes [19].…”