Amphetamine regulation of mesolimbic dopamine/cholecystokinin neurotransmission

Hurd, Yasmin L.; Lindefors, Nils; Brodin, Ernst; Brené, Stefan; Persson, H.; Ungerstedt, Urban; ̈kfelt, T. Ho

doi:10.1016/0006-8993(92)90264-a

Cited by 52 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Nevertheless, extracellular CCK increases in the nucleus accumbens in response to psychostimulants (30,33). Relevant to our model, systemic or intra-accumbens administration of the CCK 1 antagonist devazepide, but not the CCK-2 antagonist L-365,260, was shown to block acquisition of cocaine-conditioned activity on a subsequent drug-free test in normal rat (34).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

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Obese OLETF rats exhibit increased operant performance for palatable sucrose solutions and differential sensitivity to D2 receptor antagonism

Hajnal

Acharya

Grigson

et al. 2007

American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comp

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Hajnal A, Acharya NK, Grigson PS, Covasa M, Twining RC. Obese OLETF rats exhibit increased operant performance for palatable sucrose solutions and differential sensitivity to D2 receptor antagonism. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 293: R1846-R1854, 2007. First published September 5, 2007; doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00461.2007.-CCK-1-receptor-deficient Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima fatty (OLETF) rats are hyperphagic and exhibit a greater preference for sucrose compared with lean controls [Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO)]. To directly assess motivation to work for sucrose reward in this model of obesity and type 2 diabetes, we examined the operant performance of OLETF rats at nondiabetic and prediabetic stages (14 and 24 wk of age, respectively) on fixed-ratio (FR) and progressiveratio (PR) schedules of reinforcement. To evaluate the involvement of dopamine systems, the effects of the D1 receptor antagonist SCH23390 (100 and 200 nmol/kg ip) and the D2 receptor antagonist raclopride (200 and 400 nmol/kg ip), were also tested on PR responding for sucrose. Compared with age-matched LETO rats, 14-wk-old OLETF rats emitted more licks on the "active" empty spout operant on the FR-10 schedule of reinforcement to obtain 0.01 M and 0.3 M sucrose and completed higher ratio requirements on the PR schedule to gain access to 0.3 M and 1.0 M sucrose. At 24 wk, this effect was limited to 1.0 M sucrose. Both antagonists were potent in reducing operant responding to 0.3 M sucrose in both strains at both ages, and there was no strain effect to SCH23390 at either age. OLETF rats, on the other hand, showed an increased sensitivity to the higher dose of raclopride, resulting in reduced responding to sucrose reinforcement at 24 wk. Taken together, these findings provide the first direct evidence for an increased motivation for sucrose reward in the OLETF rats and suggest altered D2 receptor regulation with the progression of obesity and prediabetes. dietary obesity; food reward; appetite; palatability; operant lick task THE EPIDEMIC OF OBESITY AND its associated health consequences represent a major cause of preventable morbidity and mortality in the United States and worldwide (31). Although the etiology of obesity is complex, the motivation to respond to palatable food correlates with obesity (3, 52, 60). Despite this relationship, little is known about food reward functions in the obese. The common view is that obese individuals are presumed to show enhanced liking for palatable foods. Several human studies investigating the relationship between preference and obesity support this notion, whereas others debate it (3,19,20,38).Due to the complexity of human eating behavior there has been growing interest in using animal models to decipher basic neural processes underlying the development of obesity. Our laboratory has been investigating the Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima fatty (OLETF) rats that lack the CCK-1 receptor, are hyperphagic, obese, and gradually develop non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (36). Unlike in other geneticall...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

“…Furthermore, anatomical and functional evidence demonstrates interactions at multiple levels between dopamine and CCK systems (30,32,33,46), and dopamine interacts with CCK to control food intake. For instance, treatment with a D1 or D2 antagonist augments the inhibitory effect of CCK on intraorally infused sucrose (4).…”

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confidence: 99%

Obese OLETF rats exhibit increased operant performance for palatable sucrose solutions and differential sensitivity to D2 receptor antagonism

Hajnal

Acharya

Grigson

et al. 2007

American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comp

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“…In the ventral tegmental area (V TA), a major midbrain dopaminergic nucleus, levels of TH expression are upregulated in response to chronic administration of several drugs of abuse, including morphine, cocaine, amphetamine, or alcohol (BeitnerJohnson and Nestler, 1991;Hurd et al, 1992;Persico et al, 1993;Sorg et al, 1993;Vrana et al, 1993;Ortiz et al, 1995;Masserano et al, 1996). Such upregulation of TH could contribute to the complex effects that these drugs exert on dopaminergic transmission, which has been implicated in the reinforcing actions of these and most other drugs of abuse (Koob, 1996;Kuhar and Pilotte, 1996;Wise, 1996).…”

Section: Abstract: Opiate Dependence; Cocaine; Locus Coeruleus; Ventmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulation of Tyrosine Hydroxylase Promoter Activity by Chronic Morphine in TH9.0-LacZ Transgenic Mice

et al. 1998

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Levels of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate-limiting enzyme in catecholamine biosynthesis, are known to be upregulated in specific brain regions by chronic administration of drugs of abuse. Chronic morphine administration increases TH levels in the locus coeruleus and ventral tegmental area, whereas chronic cocaine administration increases TH levels in the ventral tegmental area only. While such upregulation of TH has been related to behavioral effects of the drugs, the mechanism underlying these adaptations has remained controversial. To study the possibility that upregulation of TH occurs at the transcriptional level, we investigated the effect of chronic morphine or cocaine treatment on the activity of the TH gene promoter (9.0 kb), coupled to the LacZ reporter gene, in transgenic mice. These TH9.0-LacZ mice have been shown to exhibit correct tissue-specific expression and regulation of the reporter gene. We show here that chronic (but not acute) exposure of the TH9.0-LacZ mice to morphine increases the expression of ␤-galactosidase (which is encoded by the LacZ gene) in the locus coeruleus by twofold compared with shamtreated mice. In contrast, ␤-galactosidase expression in the ventral tegmental area was decreased 20-25% by chronic morphine and unaffected by chronic cocaine administration. Similar results were obtained after analysis of TH mRNA levels in these brain regions by in situ hybridization. These results suggest that chronic morphine upregulates TH expression via transcriptional mechanisms in the locus coeruleus but by posttranscriptional mechanisms in the ventral tegmental area.

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“…The demonstration that anticipation of stressful encounters influences CCK activity in humans [152,153,257] is certainly consistent with such an interpretation. Repeated low psychostimulant doses in rats were associated with alterations in CCK concentrations and CCK mRNA expression, which could be detected for several weeks following the last injection [65,66]. Likewise, exposure to life stressors prior to age 19 has been documented to precipitate anxiety, depression and/or panic in some individuals [258,259].…”

Section: Anxiogenic Indices Associated With Stressor Exposure: Nonhummentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Parametric analyses reveal variability in the induction, persistence and magnitude of effects relative to the behavior examined and the brain sites involved. In view of the observation that stressors and acute and chronic psychostimulant administration influence DA [63,64] and CCK turnover [38,39,[65][66][67] and both DA [31,68] and CCK [69,70] alterations appear in panic patients, it is suggested that neurotransmitter sensitization may contribute to panic symptoms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Myth of Panic Spontaneity: Consideration of Behavioral and Neurochemical Sensitization

Hebb¹,

Anger²,

Mendella³

et al. 2007

TOPJ

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Panic disorder is characterized by a progression of panic symptom severity with repeated attacks. Repeated panic episodes evoke heightened anticipatory anxiety, phobic avoidance and are typically associated with comorbid symptoms of depression. Due to the heterogeneity of the disorder, reliable neurochemical correlates attending panic have not been identified. However, variable neuropeptide interfacing with major and minor transmitter systems may modulate individual vulnerability to panic and account for variable panic profiles. The extensive colocalization of cholecystokinin (CCK) with other neurotransmitters, including dopamine (DA), enkephalin (ENK) and GABA, in specific central sites may influence various aspects of anxiety and panic. The behavioral correlates attending panic likely follow from variable neurochemical release and conditioning/sensitization. Clinicians maintain that recurrent panic attacks are spontaneous (unexpected, uncued) and fail to acknowledge the wealth of information implicating a prominent role for stressful life events in panic. Conditioning and sensitization of both behavior (e.g., fear-motivated) and neurochemical events (e.g., DA and CCK) in response to uncontrollable stressors parallel the diverse heterogeneity of panic amongst clinical samples. Cholecystokinin-4, pentagastrin, lactate acid, and CO 2 induce panic attacks that are dependent on subjective history, expectancy measures and panic profiles. Panic disorder is associated with chronic illness and familial sick-role modeling exacerbates the course of the illness. The current review outlines the evidence in support of a conditioning/sensitization model for panic, a model that may explain the variable efficacies of pharmacological interventions.

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Amphetamine regulation of mesolimbic dopamine/cholecystokinin neurotransmission

Cited by 52 publications

References 43 publications

Obese OLETF rats exhibit increased operant performance for palatable sucrose solutions and differential sensitivity to D2 receptor antagonism

Obese OLETF rats exhibit increased operant performance for palatable sucrose solutions and differential sensitivity to D2 receptor antagonism

Regulation of Tyrosine Hydroxylase Promoter Activity by Chronic Morphine in TH9.0-LacZ Transgenic Mice

The Myth of Panic Spontaneity: Consideration of Behavioral and Neurochemical Sensitization

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