Amphibian host defense peptides

A Comprehensive Review of Patented Antimicrobial Peptides from Amphibian Anurans

“…68,105 As reviewed in the literature among the main AMP families isolated from anurans, we can find bombinin, magainin, XPF, dermaseptin, brevinin, caerin, esculentin, ranalexin, rugosin, temporin, uperin, ranatuerin, maculatin, citropin, aurein, phylloxin, palustrin, kassinatuerin, tigerinin, pseudin, distinctin, nigrocin, dahlein, japonicin, ranacyclin, ocellatin, ascaphin, phylloseptin, lividin, pelophylaxin, dybowskin, pleurain, odorranain, hyposin, fallaxidin, nigroain, andersonin, cathelicidin, h y m e n o c h i r i n , f r e n a t i n , d e f e n s i n , a n d k a s s o rins. 30,31,[33][34][35][37][38][39][40][41][42]61,63,64,67,72 Additionally, this analysis includes other significant peptides isolated from anurans due to their biological significance (Table 2 and Supporting Information 1.2).…”

“…Simultaneously, we searched APD3 for the main families of antimicrobial peptides isolated from anurans described in the scientific literature. ,,− ,,,,, Additionally, the taxonomy of all anurans mentioned in this article was updated using data from the Amphibians of the World database as of October 2023…”

“…As of February 2024, the Antimicrobial Peptide Database (APD3) () contains 3940 antimicrobial peptides and proteins from six life kingdoms, of which 1079 active peptides are found in amphibians (1006 from frogs, 68 from toads, and 5 from others) with a great diversity of biological activity such as antibacterial, cytotoxic, antimutagenic, antifungal, antiviral, vermicidal, novel antiendotoxic, antidiabetic, antioxidant, among others . AMPs are also used as pharmacological modulating agents to improve the immune response, wound healing processes, and the prevention of postsurgical adhesions. ,,− The use of AMPs as new therapeutic antibiotics is today one of the most promising strategies to overcome the current multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), which has become one of the significant health problems in recent years. ,− According to the first Global Research Agenda on Antimicrobial Resistance in Human Health of the World Health Organization (WHO), recently published, developing new drugs for treating MRSA microorganisms is a priority due to the high incidence and mortality rate they are causing in the world…”

“…The high diversity of AMPs reported from amphibians in the last five decades has been summarized in several reviews focusing on their structure, physicochemical properties, and biological activities and also describing their biomedical potential. ,,− ,− ,,,,, This information has also been compiled in publicly accessible databases such as the Data Repository of Antimicrobial Peptides (DRAMP 3.0) and the Collection of Antimicrobial Peptides (CAMP R3 ) . One limitation of DRAMP 3.0 and CAMP R3 is that they contain many predicted peptide sequences not linked to any biological activity and, thus, cannot be referred to as AMPs. ,− The APD3 is currently one of the most cited databases due to its inclusion criteria: (i) natural AMPs with (ii) a known amino acid sequence, (iii) biological activity, and (iv) less than 100 residues in size. , …”

“…17,73−75 The APD3 is currently one of the most cited databases due to its inclusion criteria: (i) natural AMPs with (ii) a known amino acid sequence, (iii) biological activity, and (iv) less than 100 residues in size. 74,76 Despite the large amount of scientific evidence supporting anuran AMPs as promising candidates for drug development, 30,31,[33][34][35][37][38][39][40][41][42]61,63,64,67,72 the current status of the potential advancements is, with a few exceptions, unknown. 77−79 In-depth knowledge of patent information enables researchers to use existing patented technologies, compounds, or methodologies to advance drug development and supports interinstitutional research collaborations.…”