“…The talin head alone can shift the integrin conformation towards an active state (Box 1), but there is increasing evidence that forces generated by actin polymerisation and myosin contraction are involved in inducing or stabilising the extended-open conformation (Comrie et al, 2015;Nordenfelt et al, 2016). This additional mechanism fits well with the discovery of other IAPs that cooperate with talin to activate integrins, such as kindlins, although the mechanism is still unclear and kindlins also cluster integrins (Moser et al, 2009;Calderwood et al, 2013;Ye et al, 2013;Rognoni et al, 2016;Georgiadou et al, 2017). Additional IAPs enhancing talinmediated activation are RIAM (Han et al, 2006;Yang et al, 2014), zasp (also known as LDB3) (Bouaouina et al, 2012) and vinculin (Lee et al, 2013), whereas other IAPs compete with talin and reduce activation, including ICAP1 (also known as ITGB1BP1) (Bouvard et al, 2003), filamin A (Kiema et al, 2006) and moesin (Vitorino et al, 2015).…”